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Cells
Organelles and Their Functions
There are many different
kinds of cells.
Plant Cells
Animal Cells
And countless other kinds
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Bacteria
cells
And countless other kinds
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Protist
cells
And countless other kinds
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Fungus
cells
And countless other kinds
And countless other kinds
And countless other kinds
And countless other kinds
And countless other kinds
And countless other kinds
And countless other kinds
And countless other kinds
And countless other kinds
And countless other kinds
And countless other kinds
And countless other kinds
As always, we must consider
structure and function together.
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Cells are the basic units of structure
and function in living things.
Organelles are the structural and
functional units of cells
Organelle
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Definition:
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A specialized structure within cells that
performs a specific function.
Organelles you need to know
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Cell Membrane
Cell Walls
Central Vacuole
Centrioles
Chloroplasts
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Bodies
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Cell Membrane (the doorway)
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Made of a double layer of phospholipids
Regulates what moves in and out of cell
Selectively permeable (only certain things can
pass through it)
Cell Wall (the crate)
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Located outside the cell membrane
Provides structural support to cell
Keeps cell from collapsing or bursting
Found in plants, fungi, bacteria, and algae
Cell Wall
Central Vacuole (the balloon)
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Found in plant cells
Surrounded by a membrane
Stores water
Helps plant cell keep its structure
Central Vacuole
Centrioles (the dividers)
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Made of 9 sets of three protein fibers
Form the spindle fibers used in mitosis
Found in animal cells
Cytoplasm (the jello)
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The liquid part of the cell
Allows movement of materials and many
chemical reactions to occur
Cytoskeleton (the skeleton)
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Made up of protein fibers
Runs throughout the cell
Helps keep the cell’s shape
Helps materials move from organelle to
organelle
Endoplasmic Reticulum (the
factory)
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Made of folded membranes
Two kinds of ER
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Rough
Smooth
Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Has ribosomes on it
Involved in protein
synthesis
Smooth
Endoplasmic Reticulum
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No ribosomes
Involved in lipid
(fat) synthesis
Golgi Bodies (the post office)
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Flattened membrane sacs
Package materials together to send around
and out of cell
Make lysosomes and peroxisomes
Lysosomes (the stomach)
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Single membrane surrounding digestive
enzymes
Breaks down materials (waste, bacteria, old
organelles)
Chloroplasts (sugar factory)
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Found in plants
Perform photosynthesis
Has two sets of membranes
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Outer membrane
Thylakoid membranes inside
Chloroplasts
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Water + Carbon Dioxide → Sugar + Oxygen
6 H2O +
6 CO2
→ C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Photosynthesis
Photosystems
Pigments love sun
It excites electrons
They move on
e–
Excited
state
Heat
Photon
(fluorescence)
Photon
Figure 10.11 A
Chlorophyll
molecule
Ground
state
Photosynthesis
H2O
Moving electrons
Thylakoid membrane
Uses all their energy
ATP is gained
CO2
LIGHT
NADP+
ADP
CALVIN
LIGHT
CYCLE
REACTOR
ATP
NADPH
STROMA
O
[CH2O] (sugar)
Cytochrome
(Low H+ concentration)
Photosystem II
complex
Light
2
2 H+
Fd
H2O
NADP+ + 2H+
NADPH+ H+
Pq
Pc
2
1⁄
2 O2
THYLAKOID SPACE
1
+2 H+
+
(High H concentration)
Thylakoid
STROMA
membrane
(Low H+ concentration)
Figure 10.17
Photosystem I
NADP+
reductase 3
2 H+
To
Calvin
cycle
ATP
synthase
ADP
P
ATP
H+
Photosynthesis
H2O
CO2
Light
What is missing?
Electrons left the map
Where will we find others?
Water fills the gap
NADP+
ADP
LIGHT
REACTIONS
CALVIN
CYCLE
ATP
NADPH
O2
[CH2O] (sugar)
Primary
acceptor
Primary
acceptor
Fd
Pq
2
H+
+
O2
Light
H2O
e
e
Cytochrome
complex
NADP+
reductase
NAD
+2
NAD
PC
e–
e–
+
P700
P680
Light
ATP
Figure 10.13
e–
Photosystem II
(PS II)
Photosystem-I
(PS I)
Photosynthesis
Light
Carbon dioxide
Fixed into the plant
Needs to use some energy
Without ATP it can't
H2 O
CO2
Input
3 (Entering one
CO2at a time)
NADP+
ADP
LIGHT
REACTION
CALVIN
CYCLE
O2
[CH2O] (sugar)
ATP
NADPH
Rubisco
3 P
3 P
P
Ribulose bisphosphate
(RuBP)
6 AT
6 ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE
3 ADP
3
P
Short-lived
intermediate6
P
3-Phosphoglycerate
ATP
6 P
P
1,3-Bisphoglycerate
6 NADP
6 NADPH+
6 P
P
5
(G3P)
6
P
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P)
1
Figure 10.18
P
G3P
(a sugar)
Output
Glucose and
other organic
compounds
Photosynthesis
Photophosphorylation
And photolysis
Add the Calvin-Benson Cycle
Photosynthesis
H2O
CO2
Light
LIGHT
REACTION
S
NAD
P
ADP
+ P
CALVIN
CYCLE
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
Figure 10.5
O2
[CH2
O]
(sug
ar)
Photosynthesis
IT'S DONE BY PLANTS!!!!!!
Figure 10.1
Mitochondria (the
powerhouse)
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Performs respiration releasing energy from sugar
Has two membranes
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Outer membrane
Inner membrane with folds called cristae
Mitochondria
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Sugar
+ Oxygen → Water + Carbon Dioxide
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
→ 6 H2O +
6 CO2
Cellular Respiration 1
Cellular Respiration
In the mitochondria
Scoopin' up the glucose
And makin' ATP
Cellular Respiration 2
Then in the cytoplasm,
glycolysis starts:
Cellular respiration
Starts in the cytoplasm
Glycolytic processes
Break the sugar up
Cellular Respiration 3
I'll give you 2 ATP
Then you'll break into
pyruvic acid
And make 4 ATP
Cellular Respiration 4
Cellular Respiration
In the mitochondria
Scoopin' up the glucose
And makin' ATP
Cellular Respiration 5
Then before entering the
mitochondria
The pyruvic acid
Meeting with Coenzyme A
Loses a carbon piece
Becomes Acetyl CoA
Cellular Respiration 6
The Acetyl CoA
Can now go into the
Mitochondrial outer membrane
Cellular Respiration 7
Acetyl CoA
And oxaloacetic acid
Join together as 6 carbons
Starts the Citric Acid cycle
Cellular Respiration 8
Then the citric acid goes
through many changes
Citric acid loses
Carbon dioxide molecules
But it makes ATP
NADH and FADH2
Cellular Respiration 9
Now there's one more
process to make
energy
Cellular Respiration 10
Electron carriers
Go to the inner membrane
Electrons get moving
Making ATP
Cellular Respiration 11
Oxygen fuels this ATP
production
All the ATP
Powers cellular processes
Aerobic respiration
In mitochondria
Cellular Respiration 12
And the moral of the
story is:
Cellular respiration is the
opposite of
photosynthesis
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Sugar + Oxygen
→ Water + Carbon Dioxide
Water + Carbon Dioxide → Sugar + Oxygen
Mitochondria
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Sugar
+ Oxygen → Water + Carbon Dioxide
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
→ 6 H2O +
6 CO2
Chloroplasts
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Water + Carbon Dioxide → Sugar + Oxygen
6 H2O +
6 CO2
→ C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Nucleus (the headquarters)
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Nuclear envelope separates DNA from rest of
cell
Envelope is a membrane with many pores
Nucleus
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DNA inside the nucleus has instructions for
making proteins that control the chemical
reactions in the rest of the cell
Uncoiled DNA is called chromatin
Nucleolus (the ribosomer)
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Dark body of condensed chromatin inside the
nucleus
This is where ribosomes are made
Ribosomes (the protein shop)
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Attached to the Rough ER and free in the
cytoplasm
Site of protein synthesis
Plant Cells
Animal Cells