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Cellular Energy (Ch. 5) Chloroplasts Mitochondria Part 1: Basic Energy Concepts • Potential Energy- stored energy • Kinetic Energy- energy of motion • First Law of Thermodynamics – Energy cannot be created or destroyed Quick Review of Cell Concepts • What are the 4 major molecules of life? • • • • Protein Lipid Nucleic Acid Carbohydrates- use?? • What cellular structures make energy? – Mitochondria – Chloroplasts Part II Mitochondria • Powerhouse of the cell- makes ATP (energy) • Makes ATP through Cellular respiration C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (ATP) Glucose + Oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP Part II Chloroplasts • Perform photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Carbon + Water + Sunlight Glucose + Dioxide Oxygen Part II Important Concepts • Your cells do cellular respiration and have mitochondria! – This is a reason why…. – You need to eat and breathe oxygen, Important Concepts • Plant cells have mitochondria too! – The amount of mitochondria in plant cells is much smaller than that of animal cells • Plant cells have chloroplasts – Photosynthesis is the reverse of cellular resp. – In other words chloroplasts make the products for cell respiration to start. – Cell resp. makes the products for photosynthesis to start. It’s all Circular!!!! Cell Respiration C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (ATP) Photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energyC6H12O6 + 6 O2 Part III: Energy in Autotrophs • Autotrophs- organisms that make their own energy (usually from the sun) – These organisms do photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Examples of Autotrophs… Part III: Energy in Autotrophs • For photosynthesis to work, autotrophs must take in and absorb sunlight • Pigments- molecules that absorb light – Each pigment absorbs a different wavelength of light • Reason why different pigments are different colors • Chlorophyll- green (doesn’t absorb green wavelength) • Cartenoids- yellow/orange ROY G BIV Red: Low frequency Low Energy Violet: High Frequency High Energy Part IV: Energy in Heterotrophs • Heterotrophs: must consume organisms to get energy – Food is Potential Energy (stored in chem bonds) • Calorie- units that measure the amount of energy in food (1 cal = heat to raise 1 g of water 1 deg. C) • This stored energy in food is used to make ATP Part V: ATP • ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate • Function: Energy for cell • Structure: • The two phosphate groups have a negative charge and want to repel each other. This bond releases a lot of energy when broken Part V: ATP • Why use ATP? – Too much energy in a carbohydrate to be used efficiently Part V: ATP • Making ATP- (All food is made into ATP) – 1) Phosphocreatine- enzyme that add P to ADP to make 1 ATP • Quick energy • Anaerobic (no oxygen needed) • Occurs in cytoplasm Part V: ATP • Making ATP – 2) Glycolysis and fermentation-partially breaking down glucose to make 2 ATP • • • • Short term energy Anaerobic Occurs in cytoplasm Types – Humans: Lactic Acid Fermentation – Yeast: Alcoholic Fermentation » Bread » Alcoholic Bevs Part V: ATP • Making ATP • 3) Cellular Respiration- complete break down of glucose into 36 ATP C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP – Long term energy – Aerobic (need oxygen) – Occurs in mitochondria – Can use carbs, fats, proteins as fuel Part VI: Diet and Exercise • Metabolism- total of all chemical reactions in the body – More active a person is the higher their metabolism – Does your metabolism slow down? – How do you lose weight through diets? – What about those low carb diets? Energy (ATP) Movement Breakdown of Food Circular Active Transport Production of fats, Proteins, sugars Waste Products ADP +Pi
