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Nematodes and Tree Fruits
Howard Ferris
Department of Nematology
University of California, Davis
[email protected]
November 4, 1999
male
female
male
female
male
female
Classification of Nematodes
Nemata
Adenophorea
Enoplia
Enoplida
Isolaimida
Secernentea
Chromadoria
Areolaimida
Chromadorida
Mononchida
Desmoscolecida
Dorylaimida
Desmodorida
Stichosomida
Monhysterida
Triplonchida
Rhabditia
Spiruria
Diplogasteria
Rhabditida
Spirurida
Diplogasterida
Strongylida
Ascarida
Tylenchida
Camallanida
Drilonematida
Plant-feeding nematodes……..
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cause mechanical injury to cells and tissues
Cause cell death
Modify cell development
Modify cell function
Disrupt uptake of water and nutrients
Alter photosynthate partitioning
Create avenues of ingress
Predispose plants to other stresses
Signs and symptoms…..
•
•
•
•
•
•
Stunting, slow growth, dieback
Chlorosis and nutrient deficiencies
Wilting
Reduced yield
Lack of response to other treatments
Root symptoms
– Root tip stunting
– Galls at root tip or along roots
– Lesions on roots
Migratory endoparasite of
• almond
• apricot
• peach
• nectarine
• plum
• prune
• walnut
• grape
• rose
Lesion nematodes
Ring nematodes
Migratory ectoparasite of
• almond
• apricot
• peach
• nectarine
• plum
• prune
• walnut
• cherry
• grape
• grasses
Predisposes Prunus sp. to
bacterial canker
Meloidogyne spp
Root-knot nematodes
Sedentary endoparasites
of
•Lovell peach root
•English walnut
•Many grape cultivars
•Many weed species
•Many cover crops
Migratory ectoparasite of
• almond
• apricot
• peach
• nectarine
• plum
• prune
• walnut
• cherry
• grape
Virus vector in Prunus sp.
Dagger nematodes
Migratory ectoparasite of
• almond
• apricot
• peach
• nectarine
• plum
• prune
• walnut
• cherry
• grape
Pin nematodes
Management strategies….
• Planting site selection, non-host rotation
• Preplant soil disinfestation
• Clean equipment, water
• Certified planting stock
• Rootstock selection
• Biological antagonists, the soil food web
• Postplant management
— amendments
— nematicides
— cover crops
Preplant disinfestation - nematicides
• Methyl bromide
• 1,3-dichloropropene (Telone)
• metam sodium (Vapam)
Cover / Rotation Crops
Lesion
Root Dagger
knot
Ring
Pin
Sudan
N
H
N
N
?
Barley
N
H-
N
H
?
Cahaba
Vetch
H
H-
N
H
?
Alfalfa
N
H-
H
H
?
Rootstock selection - Juglans
Lesion
Root Dagger
knot
Ring
Pin
English
walnut
S/I
S/I
S/I
S/I
S/I
Black
walnut
S/I
R
S/I
S/I
S/I
Paradox
hybrid
S/T
S/T
S/I
S/I
S/I
Rootstock selection - Prunus
Lesion
Lovell
S/I
Root
knot
S/I
Dagger
Ring
Pin
S/I
S/I
S/I
Nemaguard
S/I
N
S/I
S/I
S/I
Marianna
2624
Myrobalan
29C
Deep Purple
S/T
N
S/I
S/I
S/I
S/T
N
S/I
S/I
S/I
R
?
S/I
S/I
S/I
Biological antagonists, the soil
food web
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Nematodes
• Microarthropods
Consider:
•Food web maturity
•Susceptibility to disturbance
•Indicators of food web condition
Mature
Stable
Structured
Basal
M
d
E
he
ric
En
B
Ba1
0.8
y
tor
ec
raj
r-t
Fu2
0.25
cp-1
Om4
2.25
Om5
4.0
omnivores
carnivores
Ca2
Ca3
Ca4
Ca5
0.25
1.0
2.25
4.0
Fu2
Fu3
Fu4
Fu5
0.25
1.0
2.25
4.0
Ba2
Ba3
Ba4
Ba5
0.25
1.0
2.25
4.0
cp-2
cp-3
cp-4
cp-5
K-trajectory
fungivores
bacterivores
enric hed
%E
%B
s tres s ed
%M
m atured
Postplant management - amendments
•
•
•
•
•
•
onion
garlic
pumpkin
rapeseed
herbal remedies
cover crops and green manures
A
80
Ac
200
Nt
Plant extract
concentration (%)
Plant extract
concentration (%)
100
Cc
60
Sa
40
20
Ec As
0
0
20
40
60
80
B
Ss
150
Zo
100
Me
50
Ac
0
100
0
20
40
200
C
Ap
150
Hh
100
Sa
50
Gb
0
0
20
40
80
100
Mortality (%)
Plant extract
concentration (%)
Plant extract
concentration (%)
Mortality (%)
60
60
80
200
D
No
150
Tg
100
Cl
50
Rc
0
100
0
20
Mortality (%)
40
60
80
100
Mortality (%)
150
Um
Ct
Plant extract
concentration (%)
Plant extract
concentration (%)
A) Ac = Allium cepa, As = Allium sativum, Cc = Coptis chinensis, Ec = Eugenia caryophyllata,
200
200
Nt = Nicotiana tabacum,
E Sa = Sinapis alba.
F
150
Ai bark
B) Ac = Asparagus
cochinchinensis, Me = Manihot esculenta, Ss = Stemona
sessifolia, Zo = Zingiber officinale.
100
100
Rm
Ai seed
50
As
C) Ap = Andrographis
paniculata, Gb = Ginkgo
biloba, Hh = Hedera 50
helix, Sa = Senna alexandrina.
0
0
D) Cl = Coix lacryma-jobi,
Nerium60oleander,
Rc
= Ricinus communis,
Tg20= Torreya
0
20No = 40
80
100
0
40 grandis.
60
Mortality (%)
Mortality (%)
80
100
Postplant management - nematicides
Nemacur
Almond
Apricot
Cherry
Nectarine
Peach
Plum
Prune
Walnut
Enzone
R
R
R
R
R
R
DiTera
Management strategies - Summary
• Planting site selection, rotation
• Clean equipment
• Certified planting stock
• Rootstock selection
• Preplant disinfestation
• Biological antagonists, the soil food web
• Postplant management
— amendments
— nematicides
— cover crops