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Chapter 9: Marine Resources:
Common Property Dilemmas
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The Marine Environment
Fisheries
Minerals from the Seabed
Management of Marine Resources
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
The Marine Environment
• Physical Properties
– Salinity
– Temperature
– Dissolved Oxygen
• Habitat and Biological Productivity
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Ocean Currents
Figure 9.1: Major currents are the gyres of each hemisphere. Minor
currents and equatorial countercurrents are also present.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Upwelling
Figure 9.2: Wind-driven currents can bring nutrient-laden
water toward the surface, supporting productive fisheries.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Fisheries
• Fisheries Production
• Fisheries in Distress
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
World Fish Catch
Figure 9.3: Since 1960, the marine catch has increased only slightly. The
overall catch has increased, however, largely as a result of aquaculture.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Minerals from the Seabed
• Energy Resources
• Deep-Seabed Minerals
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Off-Shore Drilling
Figure 9.4: Since 1940, oil drilling has moved to progressively deeper waters.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Manganese
Figure 9.5: The location of manganese nodules.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Management of Marine Resources
• The Problem of Ownership
• The Law of the Sea Treaty
• Marine Pollution Problems
– Oil Spills
– Hazardous Materials Spills
– Ocean Dumping
• Protecting Marine Ecosystems
• Exploitation and Protection of Marine Mammals
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Maritime Boundaries
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Major Oil Spills
Figure 9.7: Major oil spills (1962 – 2001) show that most major spills occur near
coastlines, where the potential environmental harm is the greatest.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Exxon Valdez
Figure 9.8: The
recovery from the
1989 Exxon Valdez
(on the left) spill
included offloading
oil to another vessel,
shown here. Valdez
is the name both of
the ship and of the
pristine coastal area
where the spill
occurred.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Whale Abundance
Virgin Population
Current Population
Blue
175,000
< 5,000
Humpback
115,000
20,000
Bowhead
30,000
<8,500
Right
100,000
1,000
Fin
448,000
50,000
Sei
256,000
65,000
2,400,000
Not available
Gray
15,000
21,000
Minke
140,000
904,270
Not available
780,000
Whale
Sperm
Pilot
Lower end of each estimate shown. See Table 9.5 for details.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Whale Catches
Figure 9.10: Whale catches have declined since 1970, remaining flat since the
1986 IWC moratorium.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003
Issue
• 9.1: Salmon and the Pacific Northwest
• 9.2: Strip Mining the Oceans
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e
Cutter and Renwick 2003