Download TECHNOLGY SYSTEMS

CONSTRUCTING HOMES & OTHER BLDGS.
•
Preparing the Construction Site
–
Clearing the Site: the site must be cleared of anything that
would get in the way of the new construction (trees, old
structures, rocks)
•Demolition: involves destroying a structure by tearing it
down or blasting it with explosives.
•Earthmoving: excess earth and rock are cleared away and the
remaining earth is leveled and smoothed
–
Laying Out the Site: the process of identifying and marking
the exact location of the structure on the prop
•Batter Boards: boards held horizontally by stakes driven into
the ground, placed 4 – 5 feet outside the building's boundary,
with string used to connect the boards at opposite ends of the
building, creating a building layout and guide for excavation.
CONSTRUCTING HOMES & OTHER BLDGS.
•
The Foundation
–
–
–
Foundation: the part of the structure that rests on the
earth and provides support for the superstructure
(everything above ground). Usually made of concrete, the
foundation sits either at or below ground level depending
on the type of structure and climate.
Excavating for the Foundation: excavating, or digging, is
done by heavy equipment. The size, shape, and depth of the
excavation depends on the design of the building.
Parts of the Foundation
•Footing: the part of the structure below the foundation wall
that distributes the structure's weight, it is usually twice as
wide as the foundation wall.
CONSTRUCTING HOMES & OTHER BLDGS.
•
Building the Superstructure
–
Types of Superstructures:
• Framed Structures: a framed structure has a main
“skeleton” that supports the weight of the building and may
be constructed of either concrete, steel, or wood.
• Studs: parallel, evenly spaced vertical boards that form the
frame of exterior and interior walls, they are nailed to the top
and bottom of horizontal boards called plates.
• Joists: parallel, evenly spaced horizontal boards that form the
frames that support floors and ceilings.
• Rafters: sloping roof frame members that extend from the
ridge (horizontal beam along a roof's peak) downward over the
side walls of the building. Roof trusses are pre-assembled
triangular frames that are used to frame the roof.
•Most residential houses are framed of wood, while large
industrial and commercial buildings are framed with steel.
CONSTRUCTING HOMES & OTHER BLDGS.
•
Building the Superstructure
–
Types of Superstructures:
• Load-Bearing Wall Structures: in these types of structures, the
heavy walls support the weight of the structure and there is no frame
or “skeleton.”
–
Enclosing the Superstructure
• Sheathing: a layer of material (plywood, strand board, or insulating
board) that is placed between the framing and the finished exterior.
After windows and doors are installed, decorative finish material
(wood, brick, stucco, stone, or vinyl siding) are placed over the wall
sheathing.
–
Installing Floors
• Sub-floor: plywood or or strand board that is nailed or glued to the
floor joists and serves as a base for the finish floor.
• Underlayment: an additional layer of plywood that is nailed or glued
to the sub-floor before the finished floor is applied.
CONSTRUCTING HOMES & OTHER BLDGS.
•
Building the Superstructure
–
Installing Utilities:
• Utilities: refers to service systems in the building, such as
plumbing, electrical, and HVAC systems.
• Installed in two (2) phases:
• Roughing In: wires, pipes, electrical boxes, and HVAC ducts
are placed inside the interior walls, ceilings, and floors before
the interior surfaces are enclosed.
• Devicing Out: Light switches, outlets, light fixtures, plumbing
fixtures, and temperature controls are installed after the interior
walls are enclosed.
CONSTRUCTING HOMES & OTHER BLDGS.
•
Building the Superstructure
–
Installing Insulation: insulation is material applied to
walls and ceilings to keep heat from entering the building
during warm months and to keep cold from entering
during cold months. Insulating materials are rated based
on their “R” value. The higher the “R” value, the better the
insulating qualities.
• Batts or Blankets: thick fiberglass sheets or rolls with a foil
or paper backing that are designed to fit snugly between
framing members (joists and/or studs)
• Rigid Panels: large sheets of plastic foam or natural fibers.
• Loose Fill: fibrous or granular material that is blown into
place using a special hose
CONSTRUCTING HOMES & OTHER BLDGS.
•
Building the Superstructure
–
Finishing the Interior:
• Ceilings and Walls: most walls and ceilings are enclosed
with drywall (plasterboard or wallboard), a rigid heavy sheet
material, that is fastened directly to the studs and joists.
• Floor Coverings: Finish flooring is usually installed over the
underlayment after the walls and ceiling shave been finished
and may include carpeting, tile, sheet vinyl, or wood.
• Trim and other Finish Work: trim is the woodwork,
baseboards, chair rail, crown molding, and other molding
used to cover the joints where ceiling, walls, and floors meet.
Trim is also applied around doors and windows.
CONSTRUCTING HOMES & OTHER BLDGS.
•
Building the Superstructure
–
Prefabricated Structures: structures where components of
the structure and even whole structures are built in a
factory and shipped to a job site, where they are assembled.
• Panelized Construction: the floors, walls, and roof all consist
of prefabricated panels made in factories and shipped to the
construction site, where they are assembled to produce the
frame and sheathed shell of the structure.
• Modular Construction: entire units (or modules) are built in
factories and shipped to the site, where they are assembled
into a finished structure. These modules come complete with
all utilities pre-assembled within the module where they are
hooked together with quick-disconnect couplings.
CONSTRUCTING HOMES & OTHER BLDGS.
•
Building the Superstructure
–
Prefabricated Structures: structures where components of
the structure and even whole structures are built in a
factory and shipped to a job site, where they are assembled.
• Manufactured Housing: single-family houses that are
completely manufactured in factories and shipped to the site.
They are usually built in two or more sections to produce a
finished structure.
–
Finishing the Site
• Paving: several areas (driveways, walkways, garages,
parking lots, etc.) have to be paved with either concrete or
asphalt.
• Landscaping: changing the features of a site to make it more
attractive (plants, trees, bushes, sod, etc.)
http://rainescape-se.com/gallery.asp
http://www.watercache.com/portfolio/#.T1Y
rjoeiErc
CONSTRUCTING HOMES & OTHER BLDGS.
•
Building the Superstructure
–
Transferring the Project: the last step in the construction
process. After construction is complete, a final inspection is
performed and a “CO” or Certificate of Occupancy is
awarded to the owner and the owner takes official
possession of the structure.