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LAB 6A - OBJECTIVES
• Name (Compare and contrast) the four major types of
tissues in the human body and the major subcategories of
each.
• Identify (Differentiate) the tissue subcategories through
microscopic inspection or inspection of an appropriate diagram
or projected slide.
• State the location of the various tissue types in the body.
• Relate the general functions to the structural characteristics
of each of the four major tissue types.
•
Name the four major types of tissues in the human body
and the major subcategories of each.
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous
All have distinctive
 structures
 patterns
 functions
•
Name the four major types of tissues in the human body
and the major subcategories of each.
1. Epithelial
Classification based on
cell shape
1. Squamous - width of the cell
is greater than its height
2. Cuboidal - width, depth, and
height are approximately equal
3. Columnar - height appreciably
exceeds its width
•
Name the four major types of tissues in the human body
and the major subcategories of each.
1. Epithelial
Classification based on
number of layers
In a stratified epithelium,
the shape of the cells forming
the surface layer is used
in classifying the epithelium.
Epithelial Tissue
1.
Cellularity – composed almost entirely of close-packed cells
2.
Specialized contacts – tight junctions and desmosomes
3.
Polarity – apical (free surface to which no cellular or extracellular
elements adhere) and basal surfaces
4.
Supported by connective tissue; rest on a basement membrane
5.
Avascular (nourished by diffusion) but innervated
6.
Regeneration
Epithelia
Simple
Squamous
Cuboidal
Stratified
Columnar
PseudostratifiedC
olumnar
Epithelia
Simple
Squamous
Stratified
Cuboidal
Columnar
Rare –
usually in
ducts, and
usually
only two
layers
Rare –
usually
only apical
layer is
columnar
Transitional
http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/epithelium/wp_frame.htm
http://www.sunyniagara.cc.ny.us/val/histology.html
http://www.sunyniagara.cc.ny.us/val/histology.html
Two simple squamous epithelia
have “special” names that reflect
their locations
endothelium
mesothelium
Lymphatic vessels and all hollow
organs of cardiovascular system –
blood vessels and heart
Found in serous membranes
lining ventral body cavity and
covering its organs
 pleurae
 pericardium
 peritoneum
Marieb; Fig. 19.1
White arrow – simple
squamous endothelial
cell lining a blood
vessel
Green arrow – simple
cuboidal cell lining
nephron collecting
tubules
Yellow arrow –
columnar cell lining the
gall bladder
Note how the nuclei
are virtually in the
same plane, as
characterized by the
green line.
Green arrow – simple
columnar cell (cells are
taller than they are
wide)
Simple columnar cells
appear as an orderly
single row of tall cells
reaching from the
basement membrane
to the free surface
http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/epithelium/wp_frame.htm
• Kidney tubules
made up of
epithelia that are all
simple
• Most are cuboidal
• Some are
characterized as low
columnar, which
suggests they are
“half way” between
cuboidal and
columnar
http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/epithelium/wp_frame.htm
Cells in a
pseudostratified
columnar epithelium
vary in height BUT
all of them touch
the basement
membrane.
Marieb; Fig. 4.2e
Inner lining of the
esophagus with an
excellent example of
a thick stratified
squamous epithelium.
Green arrows –
squamous nucleated
cells (if they are
nucleated, that means
nonkeratinized)
Blue lines – depth of
the stratified
squamous epithelium
(cells near basement
membrane [basal cells
which are stem cells
capable of undergoing
mitosis] start off round
and become more
squamous as they
migrate upwards)
Green arrows –
squamous nucleated
cells (if they are
nucleated, that means
nonkeratinized)
Yellow lines – depth of
the stratified
squamous epithelium
(cells near basement
membrane [basal cells
which are stem cells
capable of undergoing
mitosis] start off
round and become more
squamous as they
migrate upwards)
EYELID
http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/epithelium/wp_frame.htm
(external surface)
(internal surface)
The eyelid has two surfaces.
1. Outside is covered with skin with keratinized (anucleated) stratified
squamous epithelium.
2. The side against the eyeball, called the conjunctiva, has a nonkeratinized
(nucleated) stratified epithelium.
http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/epithelium/wp_frame.htm
Stratified squamous epithelia can develop a specialization of their surface
cells, called keratin, to make them more resistant to stresses. In this
slide you see keratinized stratified epithelium covering the outer surface
of the eyelid, just as it covers the entire outer surface of the body as
the epidermis of skin. To form keratin, the upper layers of cells dispose
of all of their organelles, fill up with fibrous proteins and become
extremely flattened. The cells are so tightly bound to the ones above and
below them that the boundaries are invisible.
This is the inner surface, or conjunctiva of the
eyelid. Its epithelium also is stratified but with
only 2-5 layers of cells and no keratin layer.
Note that this epithelium is primarily made up of
cuboidal and columnar cells.
EPITHELIUM OF THE
CORNEA
Green line – depth of
the stratified
squamous epithelium
Red arrow – nucleated
(nonkeratinized)
squamous cell
STRATIFIED
SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM OF THE
SKIN
Green line – nucleated
non-keratinized cells
Yellow line –
nonnucleated
keratinized cells
Blue line – depth of
entire epithelium
SWEAT GLAND DUCT
Yellow arrows –
stratified cuboidal
epithelium
SALIVARY GLAND
DUCT
Green line – top layer
of stratified columnar
epithelium
Red line – bottom layer
of stratified columnar
epithelium; notice how
this bottom layer looks
cuboidal in nature but
because the top layer is
columnar, and it is the
apical (top) layer which
determines the
classification, this is
called stratified
columnar
Transitional Epithelium- stratified tissue that is
found only in the urinary bladder and ureters.
The apical layer has the ability to stretch
(distend) and the appearance of these cells will
depend on the degree of stretch imposed on the
tissue. The apical surface will often look “hilly”
GLANDS
Epithelial cells specialized to synthesize
and secrete a certain product
Exocrine – externally
secreting
Endocrine – internally
secreting
Unicellular
Goblet cell
Multicellular
Duct
structure
Simple
Compound
Secretory
units
Tubular
Alveolar
(acinar)
Tubuloalveolar
Marieb; Fig. 4.3
•
Name the four major types of tissues in the human body
and the major subcategories of each.
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous
All have distinctive
 structures
 patterns
 functions
Connective Tissue
Connective
Tissue Proper
Loose
Connective
Tissues
Cartilage
Dense
Connective
Tissues
Bone
Blood
Connective Tissue Proper
Loose Connective Tissues
Dense Connective Tissues
1. Areolar
1. Dense Regular
2. Adipose
2. Dense Irregular
3. Reticular
Connective Tissue
Cells
Fibers
Extracellular Matrix
Ground Substance
Connective Tissue Proper
Loose Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
1. Areolar
1. Dense Regular
2. Adipose
2. Dense Irregular
3. Reticular
3. Elastic
Areolar
Connective Tissue
Cells
1. Fibroblasts
2. Macrophages
3. Mast cells
4. WBCs
Fibers
loosely arranged; thin
and relatively sparse
Extracellular Matrix
Ground Substance
abundant; occupies more
volume than fibers; viscous or
gel-like consistency
Marieb; Fig. 4.8b
Stained Fibroblasts
Fibroblasts are
responsible for the
synthesis of collagenous,
elastic, and reticular
fibers and the complex
carbohydrates of the
ground substance.
Size will often reflect
whether the fibroblast is
in the process of active
synthesis.
Fibroblasts
Fibroblasts will also
look different
depending upon the
‘view’ – if you are
looking at them “from
the front”, or “from
the side”.
http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/connective_tissue/wp_images/4_cells.gif
Areolar Connective
Tissue
Red arrows –
fibroblasts
Blue circles – mast
cells
Yellow arrows –
elastic fibers
Green lines –
collagen fiber
Areolar Connective Tissue
Areolar Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue Proper
Loose Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
1. Areolar
1. Dense Regular
2. Adipose
2. Dense Irregular
3. Reticular
Adipose
Connective Tissue
Cells
Adipocytes – usually
large in size due to
accumulated lipid mass
in cell
Extracellular Matrix
Very little
Marieb; Fig. 4.8c
Adipose Connective
Tissue
Blue circles –
adipocytes
Green arrow –
nuclei of adipocytes
which are flattened
and displaced to
one side of the
cells by lipid mass
Red arrows – fat
droplet “space”
Adipose Connective Tissue
Adipose Connective
Tissue
It should not
surprise you to see
vessels associated
with adipose tissue
since it has a high
metabolic activity.
http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/connective_tissu
e/wp_images/2_adipose_cells.gif
http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/connective_tissue/wp_images/2_adipose_tissue.gif
Connective Tissue Proper
Loose Connective Tissues
Dense Connective Tissues
1. Areolar
1. Dense Regular
2. Adipose
2. Dense Irregular
3. Reticular
Reticular
Connective Tissue
Cells
Fibroblasts called
reticular cells
Extracellular Matrix
Reticular fibers
arranged in mesh-like
pattern or network
Marieb; Fig. 4.8d
Reticular Connective Tissue
http://www.udel.edu/Biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/cct/cct.htm
Reticular Connective Tissue
Reticular Connective Tissue
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/reticuct.html
Reticular Connective Tissue
http://bioweb.wku.edu/faculty/hoyt/Biol324/labimages/CT_reticular_highx.jpg
Reticular
Connective
Tissue
Red arrows –
reticular
fibers
Connective Tissue Proper
Loose Connective Tissues
Dense Connective Tissues
(all have fibers as their
predominant element)
1. Areolar
1. Dense Regular
2. Adipose
2. Dense Irregular
3. Reticular
Connective Tissue Proper
Loose Connective Tissues
Dense Connective Tissues
(all have fibers as their
predominant element)
1. Areolar
1. Dense Regular
2. Adipose
2. Dense Irregular
3. Reticular
Dense Regular
Connective Tissue
Cells
Fibroblasts
Extracellular Matrix
Ordered and densely
packed fibers
(primarily collagen)
1.Tendons
2.Ligaments
3.Aponeuroses
Marieb; Fig. 4.8e
Dense Regular
Connective Tissue
Tendon
Yellow lines –
collagen bundles
Blue arrows –
fibroblast nuclei
Dense Regular
Connective Tissue
Tendon
Yellow arrows –
parallel collagen
bundles
Dense Regular
Connective Tissue
Tendon
Connective Tissue Proper
Loose Connective Tissues
Dense Connective Tissues
(all have fibers as their
predominant element)
1. Areolar
1. Dense Regular
2. Adipose
2. Dense Irregular
3. Reticular
Dense Irregular
Connective Tissue
Cells
Fibroblasts
Extracellular Matrix
Thicker collagen bundles
arranged irregularly
1. Dermis
2. Fibrous joint capsules
3. Fibrous coverings of
some organs
Marieb; Fig. 4.8f
Dense Irregular
Connective Tissue
Dermis
Blue arrows –
collagen bundles
NOTE that this
tissue looks
DENSE, and that
there is no
particular pattern
to the
arrangement of
the collagen
fibers (hence
irregular).
Dense Irregular
Connective Tissue
Dense Irregular
Connective Tissue
Dermis
Green arrows –
elastic fibers
Yellow line –
collagen bundle
Loose
Connective
Tissue
Dense
Irregular
Connective
Tissue
So, compare the three
basic types of
connective tissue
proper.
1. Densely or loosely
packed?
2. If dense, does it
have an irregular or
regular pattern?
Dense
Regular
Connective
Tissue
Connective Tissue
Connective
Tissue Proper
Loose
Connective
Tissues
Cartilage
Dense
Connective
Tissues
Bone
Blood
Cartilage
Connective Tissue
Cells
Chondroblasts/cytes
They are “blasts” until
they become enclosed
within lacunae.
Extracellular Matrix
Firmly bound collagen fibers, and
some elastic fibers
Also contains considerable fluid
(80% water)
1. Hyaline
2. Elastic
3. Fibrocartilage
Marieb; Fig. 4.8g
Hyaline Cartilage
in Trachea
Blue arrow –
chondrocyte (if it
were not sitting
in a lacuna, it
would be called a
chondroblast)
Green circles lacunae
Green arrows –
matrix associated
with individual
chondrocytes
(sometimes called
‘territorial’)
Red arrows –
interstitial matrix
Hyaline
Cartilage
http://www.sunyniagara.cc.ny.us/val/hyalinecartilage.html
Hyaline
Cartilage
http://web.grcc.cc.mi.us/biosci/pictdata/tissues/connect/hycart.html
Hyaline
Cartilage
http://www.usask.ca/anatomy/teaching/anat232/Respiratory%20System%20jpeg
/I-81%20Hyaline%20cartilage.jpeg
Nasal SeptumHyaline
Cartilage
http://www.usask.ca/anatomy/teaching/anat232/respiratory.shtml
Marieb; Fig. 4.8h
Elastic Cartilage
in External Ear
Blue arrows –
perichondrium
Green arrows –
chondrocytes
(because they are
IN lacunae)
Red arrows –
elastic fibers
Marieb; Fig. 4.8i
Fibrocartilage at
Pubic Symphysis
Blue arrows –
developing pubic
bones
Black arrows –
tinted
fibrocartilage
Red arrows –
pubic symphysis
Fibrocartilage at
Annulus Fibrosus
of Intervertebral
Disc
White arrows –
chondrocytes in
lacunae
Yellow dotted line
- fibrocartilage
Connective Tissue
Connective
Tissue Proper
Loose
Connective
Tissues
Cartilage
Dense
Connective
Tissues
Bone
Blood
Bone
Connective Tissue
Cells
Osteoblasts/cytes
They are “blasts” until
they become enclosed
within lacunae.
Extracellular Matrix
Calcified by deposition of
bone salts
Marieb; Fig. 4.8j
Bone
Yellow arrows –
osteons or
Haversian
systems
Bone
Blue arrows – central
or Haversian canals
that house blood
supply to the
osteocytes
Yellow dotted lines –
concentric lamellae
White arrows –
osteocytes in lacunae
Green dotted line –
cement lines with
outline a Haversian
system
White dotted line –
interstitial lamellae
which are remnants
of old osteons
Bone
(near outside edge)
White arrows –
osteocytes in
lacunae
Green lines –
circumferential
lamellae which
surround entire
bone
Bone
Blue arrows –
Haversian system
Red arrows –
Volkmann’s canal
which runs
perpendicular to
the Haversian
systems
Bone
Blue arrow –
osteocyte in lacuna
Yellow arrows –
canaliculi (tiny
tunnels in the bone)
through which
osteocytes send
cellular projections
so that they may
contact other
osteocytes by gap
junctions
Compact
Bone Tissue
canaliculi
central (Haversian) canal
http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/histoprc/bon2_s.jpg
osteocytes in
lacuna
central
(Haversian)
canal
http://www.vetanatomists.org/LIBRARY/tnbone2.htm
Connective Tissue
Connective
Tissue Proper
Loose
Connective
Tissues
Cartilage
Dense
Connective
Tissues
Bone
Blood
Blood
Connective Tissue
Cells
Many different types
of blood cells
Extracellular Matrix
Nonliving fluid plasma
Fibers of blood are soluble
protein molecules
Marieb; Fig. 4.8k
•
Name the four major types of tissues in the human body
and the major subcategories of each.
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous
All have distinctive
 structures
 patterns
 functions
Muscle Tissue
highly specialized
to contract
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
 under voluntary
control
 under involuntary
control
 under involuntary control
 moves limbs and
other external body
parts
 cells are long,
cylindrical, striated,
and multinucleate
 found only in the
heart
 cells are branching,
striated, uninucleate,
and “fit together” at
junctions called
intercalated discs
 visceral muscle, found
mainly in walls of hollow
organs
 typically has two layers
that run at right angles to
one another
 cells have no visible
striations, are spindleshaped, and uninucleate
Muscle Tissue
highly specialized
to ??????
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
 under ????? control
 under involuntary
control
 under involuntary control
 moves ?????
 cells are ????,
????, ????, and ????
 found only in the
heart
 cells are branching,
striated, uninucleate,
and “fit together” at
junctions called
intercalated discs
 visceral muscle, found
mainly in walls of hollow
organs
 typically has two layers
that run at right angles to
one another
 cells have no visible
striations, are spindleshaped, and uninucleate
Marieb; Fig. 4.11a
Skeletal Muscle
Longitudinal
Section
White arrows –
muscle fiber or
muscle cell
Yellow arrows –
skeletal muscle
fiber nuclei
“pushed to side”
Note striations, and
nuclei “pushed to the side”
http://www.usask.ca/anatomy/teaching/anat232/Musclejpg/I-32%20Sk.%20M.%20Long2sect.jpg
Note striations, and
nuclei “pushed to the side”
http://www.usask.ca/anatomy/teaching/anat232/Musclejpg/I-32%20Sk.%20M.%20Longsect.jpg
Skeletal Muscle
Cross-Section
Blue arrows – muscle
cell or muscle fiber
Red arrows – nuclei
of muscle fiber or
muscle cell “pushed to
the side”
Black arrows –
endomysium which is
the connective tissue
covering of a muscle
cell
http://www.usask.ca/anatomy/teaching/anat232/Musclejpg/I-33%20Sk.%20M.%20Xsection%201.jpg
Muscle Tissue
highly specialized
to ?????
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
 under voluntary
control
 under ?????
control
 under involuntary control
 moves limbs and
other external body
parts
 cells are long,
cylindrical, striated,
and multinucleate
 found only in the
????
 cells are ????,
????, ????, and “fit
together” at
junctions called ????
 visceral muscle, found
mainly in walls of hollow
organs
 typically has two layers
that run at right angles to
one another
 cells have no visible
striations, are spindleshaped, and uninucleate
Marieb; Fig. 4.11b
Cardiac Muscle
Longitudinal
Section
Note nuclei in the
center of the
cardiac muscle
cells, not “pushed
to the side” as
we saw in skeletal
muscle cells
http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/muscle/wp_frame.htm
Cardiac Muscle
Longitudinal
Section
Yellow arrows –
cardiac muscle
fiber
Blue arrows –
centrally located
nuclei
Red arrows –
intercalated discs
Cardiac Muscle
Longitudinal Section
Yellow arrows –
cardiac muscle cell
with obvious striations
Blue arrow – centrally
located nuclei
Red arrow –
intercalated disc
Intercalated
disc of
cardiac
muscle
http://www.usask.ca/anatomy/teaching/anat232/Musclejpg/I53%20Intercal.%20Disk%201.jpg
http://www.sunyniagara.cc.ny.us/val/muscle.html
Cardiac
muscle
So which of these
is cardiac muscle and
which is skeletal muscle?
Skeletal
muscle
Skeletal muscle
So which of these
is cardiac muscle and
which is skeletal muscle?
Cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle
So which of these
is cardiac muscle and
which is skeletal muscle?
Skeletal muscle
The green arrows
are pointing to
the centrally
located nuclei in
the cardiac
muscle cells
indicated by the
yellow arrows.
Is this a cross-section
of cardiac muscle or
skeletal muscle?
Muscle Tissue
highly specialized
to ?????
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
 under voluntary
control
 under involuntary
control
 under ????? control
 moves limbs and
other external body
parts
 cells are long,
cylindrical, striated,
and multinucleate
 found only in the
heart
 cells are branching,
striated, uninucleate,
and “fit together” at
junctions called
intercalated discs
 visceral muscle, found
mainly in ?????
 typically has ??? layers
that run at right angles to
one another
 cells have ????
striations, are ????
shaped, and ????
Marieb; Fig. 4.11c
Smooth Muscle
Longitudinal
Section
Green arrows –
width of smooth
muscle cell
Yellow arrows –
centrally located
nuclei
Smooth Muscle
Longitudinal Section
(at higher
magnification than
previous slide)
Blue arrows –
centrally located
nuclei of smooth
muscle cell
Yellow dotted line –
spindle-shaped
smooth muscle cell
Smooth Muscle CrossSection
Blue arrows – nuclei of
smooth muscle cell
Remember that smooth
muscle cells are
spindle-shaped, so their
nuclei also take on this
shape.
When smooth muscle is
viewed in cross-section,
the spindle shape of
the nuclei will make
them appear to be of
different sizes, or
diameters, depending
upon where the cut was
made.
http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/muscle/wp_frame.htm
cardiac
muscle
skeletal
muscle
So which of these is:
1. cardiac muscle?
2. skeletal muscle?
3. smooth muscle?
smooth
muscle
What can you say about
the control of this
structure – since it
contains both skeletal
and smooth muscle?
Remember, skeletal
muscle is voluntarily
controlled, and smooth
muscle is under
involuntary control.
This is a cross section
of the esophagus. The
skeletal muscle allows
you to start a swallow
intentionally, but once
the swallow is begun, it
is no longer under your
“control”.
•
Name the four major types of tissues in the human body
and the major subcategories of each.
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous
All have distinctive
 structures
 patterns
 functions
Marieb; Fig. 4.10
LAB 6A - OBJECTIVES
Hopefully, you have achieved the following objectives now that
you have reviewed these slides. Take a look at the next few
slides to review your knowledge base. DO not forget to identify
the function of any structure which you recognize.
• Name the four major types of tissues in the human body and the
major subcategories of each.
• Identify the tissue subcategories through microscopic inspection or
inspection of an appropriate diagram or projected slide.
• State the location of the various tissue types in the body.
• List the general functions and structural characteristics of each of
the four major tissue types.
What kind of epithelium is pointed
out by the yellow arrows?
simple cubiodal
epithelium
What kind of epithelium is this?
pseudostratified
columnar
epithelium
What kind of epithelium is being
pointed at by the yellow arrows?
Cornified
stratified squamous
epithelium
What kind of epithelium is being
pointed at by the yellow arrows?
Simple squamous
epithelium
What kind of epithelium is being
pointed at by the yellow arrows?
Simple columnar
epithelium
What kind of epithelium is being
pointed at by the yellow arrows?
Noncornified
stratified squamous
epithelium
What kind of tissue is this?
Dense irregular
connective tissue
What kind of tissue is this?
Adipose
connective tissue
What kind of tissue is this?
Dense regular
connective tissue
What is the name of the cell at
the tip of the yellow arrow?
Fibroblast
What kind of tissue is between
the darkly staining
lymphocytes?
Reticular fibers
What is the name
of this cell?
Chondrocyte
What kind of
tissue is “B”?
Dense regular
connective tissue
What is this space
called?
Haversian canal
What are the
yellow arrows
pointing at?
Canaliculi
What kind of
tissue is this?
Skeletal
muscle tissue