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World Religions
Traditions and Belief
Western Religions
The kingdom of God is within you and all
around you.
It is not within buildings of wood or stone.
Split a piece of wood and you will find me.
Look beneath a stone and I am there.
Western Religions
 Movie Stigmata
Western Religions
 Judaism
 Where did Judaism roots come from?
 Zoroastrianism
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Founded in Persia about 500 B.C.E.
Founder-Zoroaster (Priest)
Based on scripture-Avestas
Zoroaster said that people should only worship one god-Ahura
Mazda “The wise lord”
 Ahura Mazda was the god of goodness and light and would
defeat Ahriman the god of darkness and all of Ahriman’s
followers would be cast into hell.
Western Religions
 Judaism
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Emerged in the Middle East between 2000 and 1850 B.C.E.
It is considered the world’s first monotheistic faith
Founder-Abraham
Abraham entered a covenant with YHWH (Yahweh or
Jehovah) and in exchange for religious allegiance Yahweh
would make the Hebrews (Jews) his “Chosen People”
 Yahweh lead Abraham and Hebrews to Canaan (Israel) the
“Promised Land”
Western Religions
 Judaism
 The Hebrews lived in Canaan until 1700 B.C.E.
 During a time of famine they moved to Egypt were they
were sold into slavery
 Around 1300 to 1200 B.C.E. the prophet Moses lead the
Hebrews out of Egypt
 The exodus is known as Passover
 The Hebrews returned to Canaan
 During the exodus Moses was given the Laws of God or
the ten Commandments
 Moses is also believed to have authored the first five books
of scripture known as the Torah
Western Religions
 Judaism
 Once back in Canaan the Hebrew Kings, David and
Solomon united the Kingdom of Israel
 The capital of Jerusalem was constructed.
 Israel became prosperous and was the crossroads of trade
in the Middle East
 After the death of Solomon the Kingdom was split into
Judah and Israel
 Israel was then invaded several times and defeated.
However the Hebrews held onto their religion
Western Religions
 Judaism
 Many Jews believed that a Messiah would come to save
Israel
 Some saw Jesus of Nazareth as this Messiah
 During the Jewish Wars of 70 to 73 C.E. the Romans
ended the Jewish state of Israel, destroyed the Jewish
temples, and exiled the Jews from their homeland
(Diaspora)
 Many Jews moved to Europe, Asia, parts of the Middle
East.
 The Diaspora lasted until 1948 when Israel became a nation
state again
Western Religions
 Judaism
 Beliefs
 One God
 Strict code of conduct outlined in the Talmud
 Based on ethics
 Eye for and eye, tooth for a tooth
 Dietary restrictions-Kosher
 Women were respected in the home but society is male
dominated
Christianity
Western Religions
 Christianity
 Christianity is the child of Judaism
 Both faiths are intermingled
 Old Testament (Judaism and the Bible)
 Abraham the founder of both religions
 The same prophets
 However
 Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the Messiah
 This has caused problems between Christians and Jews and has
even lead to Anti-Semitic behavior by Christians towards Jews.
Western Religions
 Christianity
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Beliefs
Jesus of Nazareth is the founder
Founded around 4 B.C.E. to 29 C.E.
All of Jesus’ teachings are outlined in the Holy
Gospels-New Testament
 Jesus was a Jew and a practicing Jew
Western Religions
 Christianity
 The Split between Jews and Christians
 Jesus maintained that he wanted to uphold the
Jewish laws, but that they also needed some
reforming.
 Jesus taught that sincere belief meant more to God
then rituals, customs, and following laws.
Christianity
 Charity, compassion and love.
 Golden Rule
 Do unto others as you would have them do unto
you
 Sermon on the Mount
 Blessed are the poor for they shall inherit the earth.
Christianity
 Jesus
 Claimed to be the Messiah
 Jesus preached of a heavenly kingdom
 Those who followed the “Son of God” would be
saved and be united in the Kingdom of Heaven
Christianity
 Jesus
 His teachings were popular among the common
people.
 His teachings and title “King of the Jews” made
the Romans see Jesus as a troublemaker
 His teachings scared and angered the Jews
Christianity
 When Jesus went to preach in Jerusalem over
Passover
 He was charged with blasphemy by Jewish
authorities
 Arrested by Pilate who wanted to keep peace
among his Jewish population
 Placed on trial and found guilty
 Crucified
Christianity
 The Early Church
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Preaching of Resurrection
Christianity was carried on by the disciples
Peter becomes the first Pope
The Four Gospels
 Matthew, Mark, Luke and John
 Belief in the “Second coming of Christ”
 Day of Judgment
 Establishment of the Kingdom of Heaven
Christianity
 Early Christianity
 Had many obstacles
 Small number of followers
 Made illegal by the Romans
 Still thought of as a part of the Jewish Religion
 Reasons for growth
 Removal of the observation of Jewish law
 Made it easier to convert Non-Jews such as Greeks, Romans and
those in the Middle East
 Appealed to slaves, poor, women,
 Persecution of Christians strengthened the religion (martyrs)
Christianity
 Legalization
 313 C.E. Edict of Milan
 Emperor Constantine gives Christianity a legal status in
the Roman Empire.
 380 C.E.
 Christianity becomes the legal faith of the Roman
Empire
 392 C.E.
 Rome’s only legal faith
Christianity
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The formal Christian Church
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Development of a hierarchy
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Pope, bishops, priest
Only men could serve the church
Established a Dogma (Set of Beliefs not written in the
Bible)
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Nature of Christ
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Trinity
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Both fully human and fully divine
God has three forms-God the Father, Jesus Christ the Son, and the
Holy Spirit
The Bible
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Old Testament and the Gospels
Christianity
 Class Question
 Women were very important in the development
of the early Christian church many women even
served as priest and bishops.
 Why do you think that once the church was
legitimate that it excluded women?
Christianity
 Beliefs and People
 Nicene Creed
 Declaration of Christian beliefs
 Church Fathers
 St. Jerome
 Latin translation of the Bible
 St. Augustine
 Book the City of God becomes the foundation for further
development of the Christian Church
Christianity
 Fall of the Roman Empire
 Asia Minor, Africa, Middle East all become areas
of Christian influence
 Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople all become
major cities of Christian influence
 With the fall of Rome comes confusion of the
where the seat of Christian Church belongs.
Christianity
 Further problems
 While all called themselves Christians the Catholic
church was divided.
 Because of the geographic locations churches grew
apart
 Eastern and Western Churches split in 1000 C.E.
 The Great Schism of 1054 C.E.
 break between Western Catholic Church and the Eastern
Orthodox Church
Christianity
 Western Church
 Roman Catholic
 Favored form of Christianity
in western Europe
 During the Middle Ages
becomes the most important
institution in Europe
 Provides Europe with a sense
of religious unity
 Politically influential
 Eastern Church
 Byzantine Empire
 Adopted by most Christians
in the Middle East, Asia
Minor and Russia
 Becomes a strong center for
cultural and economic
advancements
 Politically influential
Islam
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Islam
 Islam
 World’s youngest major religion
 Went from a local faith to a world cultural,
economic social and political influence
 Monotheistic
 Is linked to Judaism and Christianity in it’s beliefs
and history.
Islam
 Islam
 Starts in the Arabian Peninsula about 600 C.E.
 This was mostly a backwards area of the world
 Some major port cities
 By 1000 C.E. Islam spread throughout the
Mediterranean to Spain, along Northern Africa and
to the land around India
Islam
 Class Question
 Why do you think Islam spread so fast and so
far?
Islam
 Founder-Mohammed
 Born 570 C.E.
 A well to do merchant from Mecca
 Began to meditate in the mountains of Mecca at
the age of 40.
 Experienced a vision “Night of Power and
Excellence”
 Was visited by the Archangel Gabriel who delivered to
Mohammed the words of Allah
Islam
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Founder-Mohammed
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Dedicated his life to spreading the word of Allah
Began preaching to the people
In 622 C.E. he was driven out of Mecca and fled
to Medina 200 miles to the north
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Known as the Hegira-a key event in Islamic history
The Hegira also marks the start of the Islamic
calendar
Islam
 Founder-Mohammed
 Islam grows while in Medina
 By 630 C.E. Mohammed and his followers return
to Mecca
 The residents of Mecca are converted to Islam
 In 632 C.E. Mohammed dies
Islam
 Beliefs
 Like Judeo-Christian beliefs Mohammed taught that there
was one god-Allah.
 Like Judeo-Christians believed in a afterlife in which
believers go to heaven and nonbelievers go to hell.
 Like Judeo-Christians believed in a judgment at the end of
the world
 Like Judeo-Christians believed that Abraham was the
earthly father of the religion.
Islam
 Beliefs
 Paid respect to Judeo-Christian figures
 Adam, Moses, David, John the Baptist, Jesus
 Instructed Muslims to respect Jews and Christians
as “Peoples of the Book”
Islam
 Beliefs-A new way of thinking
 Mohammed believed that he was the last prophet
sent by Allah to reveal Allah’s word to the people.
 Because of this Mohammed was the only prophet
to receive the full and perfect word of Allah.
Islam
 Beliefs
 To become a true believer one must submit to the
will of Allah.
 Islam means “to submit to God”
 Muslim means “Servant of God”
 Submission means to live by the Five pillars of
Faith
Islam
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The Five Pillars
1. There is no other God but Allah and
Mohammed is his prophet
2. Pray five times a day facing the Holy City of
Mecca
3. Fast during Ramadan-month in which
Mohammed received his vision
4. Alms to the poor
5. Pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca-Once in a lifetime
Islam
 Other beliefs
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No alcohol or pork
No human or animal figures in artwork
Polygamy-up to four wives
Women must veil themselves in public
Islam
 Qur’an (Koran)
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Holy book of Islam
Recitation-114 chapters
Qur’an is the direct word of Allah
Arabic is the holy language
Other books
 Hadith-collection of Proverbs
 Sharia-collection of laws
Islam
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Expansion
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Expansion as we will see happened rapidly
because
1. Military conquest
2. Political domination
3. Trade
Islam
 Geography
 Before the death of Mohammed
 Arabian Peninsula
 By 700 C.E.
 Most of the Middle East
 Persia, Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, North Africa, parts of
Spain and Italy, Eastern Europe, and Pakistan
Islam
 Umma-political and social community linked
by a religious belief
 Caliphs (successor to Mohammed)
 Religious and political leader.
 First Caliph was Abu Bakr-Mohammed’s father-inlaw
Islam
 Military Conquest
 The first three Caliphs (successor to Mohammed)
 Abu Bakr
 Umar (Omar)
 Uthman
 Were responsible to break out of Arabia and
spread Islam
 By the 600’s the territory taken by the Muslims was
ruled over by two Islamic estates
Islam
Umayyad Caliphate
661-750
Damascus
Abbasid Caliphate
750-1258
Baghdad
Islam
 Abbasid Caliphate
 Became the Golden Age of Islamic culture
between 750-1050 C.E.
Islam
 Splits in Islam
 Many disputed who should become a Caliphate
 Lead to civil wars
 Mohammed’s son-in-law (Ali) and Mohammed’s wife (Aisha)
 In 661 C.E. Muawiyah established himself as caliph of the
Umayyad
 Muslims who accepted Muawiyah called themselves Sunni Muslims
“People of Tradition and Community”
 80 percent of Muslims are Sunni
 Those who followed Ali formed their own denomination and called
themselves Shiites “Party of Ali”-Shiites believe that they are the
rightful successors to Mohammed and Sunni’s are usurpers.
Islam
 Holy Places
 Jerusalem
 Mohammed ascended to Heaven from Jerusalem
 Mecca
 Holiest site-Mohammed’s birthplace
 Home to Kaaba
 Site of pilgrimage
 Medina
 Site of Mohammed’s flight-Hegira