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Computer Fundamentals Northern College Diploma Philip Bird Processor Architecture Virtually every computer that has been built shares the same common layout. Von Neumann – programs and data both exist in the computers memory. A program written for one type of computer can be written for any computer. Computer Fundamentals Philip Bird IAS Early History Z3 Zuse 1941 Von Neumann 1952 Manchester Mark1 EDVAC Williams Von Neumann 1949 (Oct) 1952 ABC EDSAC Atanasoff/Berry Wilkes 1942 Not working 1949 (May) LEO Wilkes 1951 A Computer is a…..Binary/Electronic/Stored Program device Colossus Turing Harvard Mark1 ASCC 1942 Aiken 1943 ENIAC BINAC UNIVAC Base 10 Mauchlay/Eckert Mauchlay/Eckert Mauchlay/Eckert 1949 (Sept) 1951 1946 Binary/Electronic/Memory Mechanical Hard Wired Computer Fundamentals Philip Bird Central Processing Unit Control Unit ALU Busses are used to carry the data around the CPU in byte sized chunks. Memory I/O Unit Computer Fundamentals Directs the step by step working based on pulses sent from a clock The Arithmetic and Logic Unit perform the calculations using adder circuits. It also contains flags that monitor the result of those calculations. (CNZ) Memory is usually RAM or ROM made up of many individual cells each storing 1 byte. Both data and the programs are stored here. Handles communication with peripherals such as the keyboard. Philip Bird Central Processing Unit Program Counter +1 Instruction Register Accumulator Flags Memory Address Register Memory Data Register Computer Fundamentals 0 4 8 1 5 9 2 6 10 3 7 11 Philip Bird Fetch Execute Cycle Repeat MAR=PC PC 10 PC=PC+1 +1 MDR=Memory[MAR] IR ACC IR=MDR LOD 5 Execute IR 17 Until halt 000 MAR MDR 05 LOD 17 5 Computer Fundamentals 0 LOD 5 4 1 HLT 5 8 17 9 2 6 10 3 7 11 Philip Bird Instructions Instructions are made up of 2 parts: Operation code Operand 0100 0101 Machine code ADD 5 Assembly Language Binary values are difficult to work. The assembler converts assembly language instructions into machine code. LOD 10 ADD 10 HLT Computer Fundamentals 0001 1010 Assembler 0100 1010 0000 0000 Philip Bird Instruction Set Op Code Operand HLT Meaning Halt LOD 5 Load contents of address 5 into Accumulator STO 5 Store Accumulator in address 5 LDI 5 Load the number 5 into the Accumulator ADD 5 Add the contents of address 5 to the Accumulator SUB 5 Subtract the contents of address 5 from the Accumulator ADI 5 Add 5 to the Accumulator SBI 5 Subtract 5 from the Accumulator INC Increase the Accumulator by 1 DEC Decrease the Accumulator by 1 JMZ 5 Jump to address 5 if Accumulator is zero JNZ 5 Jump to address 5 if Accumulator is not zero JMN 5 Jump to address 5 if Accumulator is minus JMP 5 Jump to address 5 JCS 5 Jump to address 5 if Carry is set to 1 JCC 5 Jump to address 5 if Carry is set (clear) to 0 Computer Fundamentals Philip Bird Summary What is the Von Neumann architecture? What is the Fetch/Execute cycle? Use SCAry to try the example assembly programs. Computer Fundamentals Philip Bird