Download Term 4, Packet 2: The Perfect System, Passive Voice

Nōmen _______________________
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Latin I, Magistra Snyder & Magister Jaffe, R
Term 4, Packet 2: The Perfect System, Passive Voice
The 4th PRINCIPAL PART
Most Latin verbs have four principal parts. The FOURTH PRINCIPAL PART in Latin is in some
ways a verb, but technically in form, it is a special type of ADJECTIVE called the PERFECT
PASSIVE PARTICIPLE (PPP). As an adjective it DECLINES, MODIFIES a noun, and must AGREE
with it in ____________, ____________, and ___________.
iaciō,
I throw,
o
o
o
I.
iacere,
to throw,
iēcī ,
I threw,
IACTUS, -A, -UM
(HAVING BEEN) THROWN
culter iactus the thrown knife (or the knife having been thrown) (nom. sg.
masc.)
hasta iacta the thrown spear (nom. sg. fem.)
tēlum iactum the thrown weapon (nom. sg. neut.)
Translate the following noun-PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE pairs into Latin.
prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditus to betray
1. ____________ ____________ : the betrayed king
2. ____________ ____________ : the betrayed city
3. ____________ ____________ : the betrayed kingdom
There are no rules for forming the 4th PP; just as, the 3PP it must be MEMORIZED.
Tips for learning the 4PP:
 The stem of 4PPs usually end with –t or –s (or –x)
e.g. vocāt- (vocō) / habit- (habeō) / miss- (mittō) / fugit- (fugiō) / sens- (sentiō)

English derivatives frequently (esp. nouns) come from the 4PP.
e.g. “vocation” / “habit” / “mission” / “fugitive” / “sense”
II. Predict the 4PPs of the following verbs based on the tips above.
amō [amatory]: ___amatus_____
ducō [conductor]: _______________
videō [vision]: _______________
audiō [audition]: _______________
capiō [captive]: _______________
legō [ election ]: _______________
Perfect Passive Participles in English
Oh no, I LOST my book. Has anyone seen my LOST book?


The first sentence, “lost” is a perfect tense VERB.
The second is a PARTICIPLE, which is a type of VERBAL ADJECTIVE:
o “lost” DESCRIBES the book, but the book has also received the ACTION of
“losing.”
For each of the following, underline verbs and draw an asterisk (*) above participles.
1) The movie scared the children. Did you see where the scared children ran?
2) I just painted the fence: don’t lean on the freshly painted wood!
3) Conquered Greece conquered Rome.
4) Educated consumers often buy used cars.
Write 2 sentences, 1 using the word “prepare” as a verb, and another using it as a participle.
1. __________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
Perfect Passive Participles in Latin (4th PP)
Directions: Annotate and translate. N.B. The forms in caps are PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLES
(4PPs).
a) Dido Troiānōs in urbem accēpit. ea ACCEPTĪ S Troiānī s cibum dedit.
b) Aeneas Trōiānī que templum Iunōnis vī dērunt. eī templum VĪ SUM mirāvērunt.
c) rēgina Trōiānō regulō fortia verba dī xit. Aeneas verba DĪ CTA audī vit.
d) Trōiānōs Dido in regiam accēpit. Trōiānī ACCĒPTĪ cum rēginā cenāvērunt.
cibum, -ī n. food
mirō, -āre, -āvī , -ātus to admire, wonder at
regia, -ae f. palace
cenō, -āre, -āvī , -ātus to eat/dine with
THE PASSIVE VOICE IN THE PERFECT TENSE
Perfect Passive Tense
The PERFECT PASSIVE SYSTEM uses the 4th principal part (PPP), which acts like an adjective,
and a form of sum as a helping verb. The tense of sum determines the tense of the passive.
The PPP must AGREE with the subject in
and
.
4th PP as ADJECTIVE
urbs VICTA
o
victa is an adjective describing urbs
o
TRANSLATION = “the conquered city” OR “the city having been conquered”
4th PP as VERB
urbs VICTA EST
o
victa is part of the main verb, along with est as a helping verb
o
“The city is (in a state of) having been conquered.”
If the city is now conquered, then…

TRANSLATION = “The city was conquered.”
PPP (4th PP) + sum in the PRESENT TENSE = PERFECT PASSIVE TENSE
Translation = was/were _____-ed
EXERCEĀMUS! Fill in the blanks below
o
o
rēx amātus
o
amātus is a… ______________________________________
o
Translation: “
“ or “
“
rēx amātus est.
o
amātus is part of the verb along with the helping verb est
o
__________ (in a state of) ______________
o
If the king is now loved, then…
o
Translation:
EXERCEĀMUS! Perfect Passive Verbs
Directions: Translate and annotate the following sentences. Use your Vocabulary List to help
you.
1. post mortem suī virī , Dido in matrimonium ā fratre dūcta est.
a. Perfect Passive verb =
2. urbs Tyrī ā Dido amī cī sque relicta est.
a. Perfect Passive verb =
3. nova domus in Africā ‘Karthagō’ nōminātum est quod significant ‘nova urbs’.
a. Perfect Passive verb =
4. ā omnibus Tyriī s multa templa aedificiaque in Karthagine facta sunt.
a. Perfect Passive verb =
5. in templō Iunōnis, Aeneas advēnit ut dona ā Didone sacrificiata sunt.
a. Perfect Passive verb =
Vocabulary
nōminō, nōmināre, nōmināvī , nōminātus: to
name
Tyrus, -ī m. Tyre
mors, mortis f. death
aedificium, -ī n. building
donum, -ī n. gift, offering
sacrificiō, -āre, -āvī , -ātus to sacrifice, make a
sacrifice
ut as
templum, -ī n. temple
PERFECT PASSIVE Tense
Directions: Insert the following verb form into the chart and complete the remainder of the chart.
FORMULA = 4th Principal Part** + Present Tense of sum, esse, fuī
1. capta est
LATIN
capta sum
ENGLISH (SING.)
I was captured
capta es
you were capture
capta est
LATIN
ENGLISH (PL.)
LATIN
ENGLISH (PL.)
she was captured
2. visus sum
LATIN
ENGLISH (SING.)
3. relictus es
LATIN
4.
ENGLISH (SING.)
LATIN
ENGLISH (PL.)
ENGLISH (SING.)
LATIN
ENGLISH (PL.)
ENGLISH (SING.)
LATIN
ENGLISH (PL.)
auditī sumus
LATIN
5. victae sunt
LATIN
st
1
2nd
3rd
THE PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT TENSES IN THE PASSIVE VOICE
STATIM
Directions: For the verb celō, celāre, celāvī , celātus
1) TRANSLATE each of the principal parts of the verb:
celō
celāre
celāvī
celātus
CONJUGATE and TRANSLATE the PERFECT ACTIVE forms:
LATIN (sg.)
ENGLISH (sg.)
LATIN (sg.)
ENGLISH (pl.)
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
CONJUGATE and TRANSLATE the PERFECT PASSIVE forms:
LATIN (sg.)
1st person
ENGLISH (sg.)
LATIN (sg.)
ENGLISH (pl.)
LATIN (sg.)
ENGLISH (sg.)
LATIN (sg.)
ENGLISH (pl.)
2nd person
3rd person
FORMING THE PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE
We have seen that to form the perfect passive, Latin uses the formula


urbs victa est=the city is (in a state of) having been conquered  “the city was conquered”
oracula audī ta sunt = the oracles are having been heard  “the oracles were heard”
To form the PLUPERFECT PASSIVE, which represents an action having already been completed before
a stated time in the past, Latin uses the formula:
4th PP + imperfect tense of sum, esse = pluperfect tense, passive voice
urbēs victae erant = the cities were (already in a state of) having been conquered
 the cities had been conquered
oraculum audī tum erat = the oracle was (already in a state of) having been heard
the oracle had been heard
___________________________________________________________________________________________
To form the FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE, which represents an action having already been completed
before a stated time in the future, Latin uses the formula:
4th PP + future tense of sum, esse = future perfect tense, passive voice
mī les dī cit: “ductus erō” = I will already be (in a state of) having been led  I will have been led
bellum gestum erit = war will already be (in a state of) having been waged  war will have been
waged
EXERCEĀMUS! Verb Synopses
Directions: You now know every Latin tense in every voice! Complete the 3 synopses below by
producing the correct form of the given verb in the given person and number, for each tense and
voice. Translate each form.
1) audiō, audī re, audī vī , audī tus
TENSE
PRESENT
IMPERFECT
ACTIVE VOICE
in the 2nd person plural
ENGLISH
PASSIVE VOICE
you all hear
audī minī
ENGLISH
TENSE
ACTIVE VOICE
ENGLISH
PASSIVE VOICE
ENGLISH
FUTURE
PERFECT
audī vistis
you all had been
heard
PLUPERFECT
FUTURE
2) gerō, gerere, gessī , gestus
TENSE
in the 3rd person singular
ACTIVE VOICE
ENGLISH
PASSIVE VOICE
ENGLISH
geritur
PRESENT
he/she/it was
being waged
IMPERFECT
he/she/it will be
waged
FUTURE
PERFECT
PLUPERFECT
gesserat
FUTURE
3) videō, vidēre, vī dī , vī sus
TENSE
ACTIVE VOICE
ENGLISH
you see
PRESENT
IMPERFECT
in the 2nd person singular
vidēbās
PASSIVE VOICE
ENGLISH
FUTURE
PERFECT
vī sus eras
PLUPERFECT
you will have
been seen
FUTURE PERFECT
CHECK: _______
VERB SYNOPSIS REFERENCE
Below find a model synopsis for your reference. If you are unsure as to how to conjugate or
translate a verb in any of the tense/voice combinations, consult your notes or prior IA study
guides.
TENSE
PRESENT
IMPERFECT
FUTURE
PERFECT
PLUPERFECT
ACTIVE VOICE
ENGLISH
PASSIVE VOICE
ENGLISH
amō
I love
amor
I am loved
amābam
I was loving
amābar
I was being loved
amābō
I will love
amābor
I will be loved
amāvī
I loved
amātus sum
I was loved
amāveram
I had loved
amātus eram
I had been loved
I will have been
FUTURE
amāverō
I will have loved
amātus erō
loved
Guess Who’s Coming to Cena?
After meeting with Dido in the Temple of Juno, Aeneas and his men
are invited back to the queen’s palace to share a meal…
1.
postquam rēgina dī xerat, Aeneas eī comiter
responsit
2. “maximae gratiae tibi ā mē Trōiānī sque agēntur sī nōs
3. habitāre in tuā regiā sinēs. tū sola miseriās Troiae
4. infandās miserāvistī . sī veniam nobī s obtuleris,
magna
5. dona ā deī s ob hospitium certē dabuntur.”
6.
deinde Aeneas comitēsque in reginam ductī sunt.
7. triclinium regiae vinō cibōque conpletum erat. Aeneas
8. amī cum mittit fī lium Ascanium petere. “meus fī lius
9. reddere hī c donī s captī s ē navibus debet,” dī xit. tum
10. regulus dē itinere ad Karthaginem dī cere Didonī
incipit.
11.
interim Venus, quae reginam amāre Aeneam
cupivit,
12. consilium capiēbat. Cupido ad regiam, nōn Ascanius,
13. prō fī lius Aeneae missus est. ea suō fī liō dī xit, “ubī
14. tū ā rēginā Didone conplexus eris, venenum amōris in
Aeneas, Aeneae m. Aeneas
amor, amōris m. love
aureus, -a, -um golden
bracchium, -ī n. arm
certē surely
cibum, -ī n. food
comes, comitis m. comrade
comiter graciously, kindly
conplectō, conplectere,
conplectī, conplexus to embrace
consilium, -ī n. plan, scheme
Cupido, Cupidinis m. Cupid
cupido, cupidinis m. desire
debeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus owe,
should
Dido, Didonis f. Dido
divinus, -a, -um divine
donum, -ī n. gift, offering
gratiae, -ārum f. pl. thanks
hīc here
hospitium, -ī n. hospitality
infandus, -a, -um unspeakable
inhaereō, inhaerēre, inhaesī,
inhaesus to cling (to) (+DAT.)
intentē intently
Iuno, Iunōnis f. Juno
Karthagō, Karthaginis f.
Carthage
lectus, -ī m. couch
maximus, -a, -um greatest
miseria, -ae f. misery, tragedy
moveō, movēre, movī, motus to
move, stir
nullus, -a, -um no, none
oculus, -ī m. eye
offerō, offerre, obtulī, oblatus to
offer
pectus, pectoris n. heart
postquam after
postquam after
potestas, potestatis f. power
prō (+ABL.) in place of
reddō, -ere, -didī, -ditus to
return
regia, -ae f. palace
respondeō, -ēre, responsī,
responsus to reply
sedeō, -ēre, sedī, sessus to sit
solus, -a, -um alone
triclinium, -ī n. dining room
venenum, -ī n. poison
venia, -ae f. kindness, favor
vinum, -ī n. wine
15. pectore ponēs. itaque nec dea hospitium rēginae mutāre
16. poterit nec nulla divina potestas Iunōnis eam servāre
17. poterit.
18.
ubī Cupido advēnit, regina in aureō lectō sedēbat et
19. fabulam regulī intentē audiēbat. postquam Trōiāna dona
20. data erant et puer vī sus erat, Dido cupidine mota est.
21. Cupido bracchī s Didonem conplectit et oculī s pectoreque
22. eī inhaeret.
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