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What is depression?
Draw the following continuum:
<----------------------------------------->
Feeling sad
Clinically depressed
Mood Disorders
Major Depression
Depressed most of the day, nearly every day, such as feeling sad, empty, or tearful
Diminished interest in all- or mostly all- activities most of the day, nearly every day
Significant weight loss, weight gain, or decrease or increase in appetite nearly
every day
Insomnia or increased desire to sleep nearly every day
Either restlessness or slowed behavior
Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
Feelings of worthlessness, or excessive, or inappropriate guilt nearly every day
Trouble making decisions, or trouble thinking or concentrating nearly every day
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide, or a suicide attempt
The Course of Major
Major Depression
Triggered by highly stressful events
Co-morbid with substance-related disorders,
panic disorder, OCD, anorexia nervosa,
bulimia nervosa, and borderline personality
disorder
“Bereavement exclusion” removed from DSM5
Prevalence
An estimated 1 in 10 U.S. adults report
Depression
5-10% of people with depression experience
chronic MDD
Causes of Depression
Evidence from neuroscience and genetics
Occur from generation to generation; some
instances in people with no family history
Trauma, loss of a loved one, financial
problems, stressful change in life patterns can
trigger a depressive episode in vulnerable
individuals
Do Now!
Take out a half sheet of paper.
Associate a past experience with each word: (1-2
sentences)
Dysthymia (persistent
depressive disorder)
Depressed mood for most of the day for two or more years
Poor appetite or overeating
Sleep problems
Tiredness or lack of energy
Low self-esteem
Hopelessness
Poor concentration
Trouble making decisions
Dysthymia
Early onsent in childhood or adolescence
75% of individuals will develop MDD
Associated with poorer self-rated health status
Irritability or excessive anger
Could be linked with: reduced quality of life,
major depression, substance abuse, eating
disorders, anxiety, or social isolation
Causes of Dysthymia
Biochemical
Genes
Environment
Bipolar and Related
Disorders
•
In addition to having major depressive
episodes, people with bipolar disorder often
experience psychotic symptoms
•
Recent evidence from genetic and family
studies show shared vulnerabilities for these
disorders
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar I: at least one manic or mixed episode.
May or may not have experienced a major
depressive episode
Bipolar II: at least one major depressive
episode and at least one hypomanic episode
(but not fully manic or mixed)
Cyclothymic: numerous hypomanic episodes
and periods of depression
Bipolar Disorder
Manic episode (at least one week):
Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
Decreased need for sleep
Unusual talkativeness
Racing thoughts
Distractibility
Increased goal-directed activity
Doing things with a high potential for painful consequences
Bipolar Disorder
Biological: diminished brain activity
Neurotransmitters: Norepinephrine abundant
during manic episodes
Hormones
Inherited traits
Environment
The Course of Bipolar
Disorder
Anxiety disorders
ADHD
Addiction or substance abuse
Physical health problems: heart disease,
thyroid problems, and obesity
DSM-5 will reduce diagnoses, disruptive mood
deregulation disorder
Process p.82
How might learning theorists explain mania?
What attributions might a person in a
depressed state make about his or her
behavior? Would the person be optimistic or
pessimistic?