Download Mental Health & Mental Illness in Occupational Therapy

Mental Health & Mental Illness in
Occupational Therapy Practice: A
Review of the Literature
Kathlyn L. Reed PhD, OTR, FAOTA, MLIS
Associate Professor, Emeritus
Texas Woman’s University
[email protected]
Background of the Project
• Problem Statement: Occupational therapy practitioners are
not recognized as qualified mental health professionals,
therapists or providers in the Texas Administrative Code
(TAC)
• Purpose of Study: To develop “talking points” about
occupational therapy in mental health/mental illness
practice to convince Texas legislators to add occupational
therapists to the list of “qualified mental health providers”
so we can participate (and be reimbursed for services) in
any legislative approved program that cites “qualified
mental health providers” in the provider section of a law.
• Due date: Now: so we can start writing results and
preparing presentations to key legislators prior to next
legislative session in 2015.
Texas Administrative Code
• Mental health professional. An individual licensed by
the state as a
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physician,
professional counselor (LPC),
chemical dependency counselor (LCDC),
psychologist,
marriage and family therapist (LMFT),
master social worker (LMSW).
Mental health professional also includes a master’s
prepared nurse with national certification in addictions or
psychiatric nursing.
– (40 TAC Sec. 151.11 Definitions)
28 TAC Sec. 19.1703 (Insurance)
• Mental health therapist: a
person licensed by or as a:
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TSBME (physician)
Psychologist
Psychological associate
Specialist in school
psychology
Marriage and family therapist
Professional counselor
Chemical dependency
counselor
Advanced clinical practitioner
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Master social worker
Social worker
Physician assistant
Registered professional nurse
Vocational nurse
Any person licensed or
certified… to diagnose
evaluate, or threat any
mental or emotional
condition or disorder
25 TAC Sec. 419.373
• Qualified mental health professional – A
person acting with the scope of his or her
training and licensure or certification who is a:
– Licensed social worker
– Licensed professional counselor
– Physician
– Licensed nurse
– Psychologist
Focus of Study
• Literature on mental health/mental illness related to
occupational therapy throughout the world
– Occupational therapy author
– Content about occupational therapy practice
• Time period: 2000-present
• Published studies and literature in English or with
English abstract
• Available through databases or Interlibrary Loan
• Examine all ideas advanced by occupational therapy
practitioners, not just those in Texas or the USA
Main Questions
• Can occupational therapy personnel and service
programs promote return to work?
• Are occupational therapy services cost effective
(cost benefit ratio)?
• Can occupational therapy services reduce
symptoms of mental illness, disease or disorder?
• Can occupational therapy services reduce the
amount of treatment time while being effective
using what medium or method?
Additional Questions
• Is occupational therapy being implemented by qualified
occupational therapy personnel or by other professionals?
• Is the indexing in databases accurately identifying
occupational therapy content?
• What theories, frames or reference or models of practice
were being used in practice?
• What assessment instruments were used to evaluate
clients for inclusion in the study and for results (outcome)
of intervention?
• Who is doing research in occupational therapy practice and
in what countries?
• What levels of evidence does the research include?
Limitations/Restrictions of Study
• Primarily concerned with adults
– Less focus on children’s mental health issues
• Primary focus on efficacy of client centered
programs and interventions
– Less focus on analysis of state or country policies
toward mental illness: except Texas
• Primary focus on major psychiatric disorders
– Less focus on behavioral problems associated with
aging brain (dementia), traumatic brain injuries or
secondary issues to physical disorders (depression
following a stroke)
Terminology Found in Study
• Diagnoses: Most controlled by International
Classification of Disease (ICD-9, ICD-10)
• Mental illness/mental health definitions seem to
be fairly consistent throughout English speaking
countries
• Services are affected by national health systems
in most of the non-USA studies
• Supported housing: probably translates as group
homes in USA
• Specialized mental health programs quickly
become international and vice versa
Brief History of OT in MH & MI
• Moral treatment (Humane treatment): three
roots of influence on occupational therapy
• England: William Tuke (York Retreat, 1796): anti
government, based on self control, moral reason,
and Quaker belief that God was in every person
• France: Philippe Pinel: became government
policy, described by Michel Foucault, philosopher
• Germany: Hermann Simon: patients became
institutional workers at state facilities
Brief History: Progress Era (1890-1915)
• Labor Museum: Hull House, Jane Addams, 1901
• Neuresthenia and the Work Cure: H.J. Hall, 1905-1910
• Mental hygiene movement: Dorothea Dix, Clifford
Beers (A mind that found itself, 1910)
• Illinois Mental Hygiene Society: E.C. Slagle, 1914
• Disorganized habits (habit training): Adolf Meyer
• Term “occupational therapy” G.E. Barton, 1914
• Maryland Psychiatric Quarterly (1911-1923): Wm R.
Dunton, editor “Occupations & Amusements” column
• National Society for the Promotion of OT: March, 1917
Names of OT Researchers/Scholars
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Ginette Aubin – Canada
Ulrika Bejerholm – Sweden
Catherine Briand - Canada
Catana Brown – USA
Tina Champaign - USA
Christine Craik – UK
Mona Eklund – Sweden
Ellie Fossey - Australia
Gordon Giles – USA
Lena Haglund – Sweden
Danielle Hitch - Australia
Hiroyuki Inadomi – Japan
Ann-Britt Ivarsson - Sweden
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Bonnie Kirsch – Canada
Terry Krupa – Canada
Nadine Larivière - Canada
Christel Leufstadius – Sweden
Chris Lloyd – Australia
Karen Rebiero (Gruhl)– Canada
Victoria Schindler - USA
Margaret (Peggy) Swarbrick –
USA
• Goro Tanaka - Japan
• Samson Tse – New Zealand &
Hong Kong
• Hector W Tsang – Hong Kong
Using Author Names in Searches
Advantages
• Author is already known to
be an occupational
therapist even if the
credentials or occupational
therapy workplace title is
missing
• Get an idea of what journals
may publish on topic of
interest
Disadvantage
• Not all article subjects may
be useful to topic of interest
• Watch for same names:
different people
• Watch for changes of name.
Authors do not always use
the same name format in all
publications.
Databases Searched
• PubMed and MEDLINE
full text
• Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences
• PsychArticles
• PsychINFO
• Academic Search
Complete
• CINAHL
• Health Source - Nursing
• OT Search (bibliographic
only) no full text
• Nursing and Allied Health
Source (Proquest)
• OT Seeker (bibliographic)
• Google
• Health and Wellness
• Women’s Studies
International
• Ovid Journals
• Business Source Complete
Search Terms
• occupational therap* (wild card or truncation
for therapy, therapies, therapist, therapists)
• “occupational therapy” (bind term on Google,
Proquest Nursing and Allied Health Source or
TWU “universal” search)
• occupational therapy (limit to MeSH term on
PubMed)
• otr OR mscot OR boccthy OR bsot OR “ot reg”
(credentials)
Search Terms
General terms
• Mental health
• Mental* ill*
• Mental disorder*
• Mental disease*
• Psychiatr*
• Psychiatric disabilit*
• Psychiatric rehabilitation
• Psychotic
• Psychosis or psychoses
Specific disorders
• Depress*
• Schizophreni*
• Bipolar*
• Stress
• Addict*
• Panic
• Substance abuse
• PTSD
• Eating disorder
Search Terms (Non-OT Assessments)
• Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)
• Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS)
• Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms
(SANS)
• Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms
(SAPS)
Search Cautions
Include
Exclude
• One or more authors is an
occupational therapist or
assistant. Check credentials,
department or school
• Content of article specifically
mentions occupational
therapy or occupational
therapist(s) in Methodology or
Results sections of research
article
• Methodology section names
an assessment developed by
an occupational therapist(s)
• Article indexed under term
“occupational therapy” but no
mention of occupational
therapy in article. Instead
terms such as work therapy or
activities of daily living appear
• Occupational therapy is used
as the control group. Article is
about another topic
• Occupational therapy appears
in the name of a journal in the
references but not in text of
article
OT Journals/Serials
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Occupational Therapy in Mental Health
Mental Health Special Interest Section Quarterly
Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy
Australian Occupational Therapy Journal
British Journal of Occupational Therapy
Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy
Occupational Therapy International
Work
American Journal of Occupational Therapy
Occupational Therapy in Health Care
New Zealand Journal of Occupational Therapy
South African Journal of Occupational Therapy
Mental Health Occupational Therapy (UK) (no full text)
OT Practice, Occupational Therapy Now, Occupational Therapy News
Non-OT Journals
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Aging & Mental Health
Clinical Rehabilitation
Community Mental Health Journal
Disability and Rehabilitation
International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation
Journal of Mental Health
Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal
Psychiatric Services
Psychiatry Research
Schizophrenia Research
Social and Psychiatric Epidemiology
Countries Where Research is Done
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Sweden
Australia
Canada
UK (England, Scotland,
Northern Ireland)
• USA
• Japan
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Hong Kong
Taiwan
Israel
South Africa
Singapore
Iran
New Zealand
Levels of Evidence
• Level I: randomized controlled trial (subjects assigned
randomly to experimental group(s) and control group
• Level II: non-randomized experimental group(s) and
control group
• Level III: Pre-post test (1 group)
• Level IV: Single subject, single series (ABA or ABAB)
• Level V (or Not Rated): case study, case history, case
report, survey, questionnaire, interview, chart review,
data mining, assessment validation, literature review
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Lieberman & Sheerer, AJOT, 2007
Broad Topics
• Work as an occupation and its effect on mental
health/illness
• Work related programs and mental illness
• Program descriptions and model development
• Symptom reduction (positive and negative)
• Management of negative symptoms
• Daily living activities and life style issues
• Grocery shopping, meal preparation & cooking
• Assessment and measurement
• Treatment effectiveness and related costs
• Schizophrenia and severe/chronic mental illness
Topics/Subjects
• Return to Work (RTW)
• Supported Employment (SE):
– Individual Placement and Support (IPS)
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Clubhouse: Transitional Employment (TE)
Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction
Wellness and Well being
Supported Education: healthy living
Sensory Rooms
Social inclusion
Stigma
Hope
Topics/Subjects
• Occupational performance & participation
• Occupational balance/imbalance
– Time use
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Life style: obesity, housing
Day Care programs
Assertive Community Treatment
Behavioral management programs
Community Mental Health programs
Self help/self management programs
– Illness management and recovery
• Assessment instrument development and validation
Occupational Therapy Assessments
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Allen Cognitive Level Screen (ACLS)
Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS)
Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM)
Executive Function Performance Test (EFPT)
Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS)
Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (ISSI)
Kitchen Task Assessment (KTA)
Kohlman Evaluation of Living Skills (KELS)
Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument
Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA)
Occupational Performance History Interview (OPHI)
Occupational Therapy Task Observation Scale (OTTOS)
Perceive, Recall, Plan, and Perform (PRPP)
Assessments Continued
• Practical Skills Test
• Profile of Occupational Engagement in persons with Schizophrenia
(POES)
• Quality of Life Measure for Persons with Schizophrenia
• Residential Environment Impact Survey-Short Form
• Role Checklist
• Self-Administered Checklist
• Social Profile
• Test of Grocery Shopping Skills (TGSS)
• Worker Role Inventory
• Work Environment Impact Scale
• Workshop Behavior checklist
– Search Hint: Use “Instrument” field in CINAHL
Criteria for Outcome Measures
• Be standardized (proven reliability and validity)
• Be evidence based (backed by research and used
by others)
• Be sensitive (to changes in client performance)
• Fit in (with service program aims and needs)
• Be flexible (generic and profession-specific,
relevant to different groups)
• Be user friendly (quick and engaging)
• Be relevant (to both client and service program)
– Hitch, D. (2007). Outcome measures in assertive outreach. Mental
Health Practice, 10(7), 28-31.
Return to Work
• Addition of occupational therapy to treatment as
usual (TAU)
• Resulted in a reduction in work-loss days during
the first 18 months
• Had a 75.5% probability of being more costeffective than TAU
• Did not increase work stress
• But did not improve depression outcomes
• Schene, Koeter, Kikkert, Swinkels & McCrone, 2007. Adjuvant
occupational therapy for work-related major depression works.
Psychological Medicine, 37(3), 351-362.
Work-Related Programs
• Findings: Over the 18-month study period,
compared with participants in the conventional
vocational rehabilitation program, those in the
supported employment group were more likely to
work competitively (70% versus 29%; odds ratio5.63, 95% confidence internal-2.28-13.84), held a
greater number of competitive jobs, earned more
income, worked more days, and sustained longer
job tenures.
– Wong, K.K., Chiu, R., Tang, B., Mak, D., Liu, J. & Chiu, S. N.
(2008). A randomized controlled trial of a supported
employment program for persons with long-term mental illness
in Hong Kong. Psychiatric Services, 59(1), 84-90. (Level I)
Cost-Effectiveness
• Findings: Significantly more pairs in the
treatment group “improved” compared with
the usual care group (37% with treatment
group vs 2% with usual care/control group).
Lead author is an occupational therapist
– Graff, M.J., Adang, E.M. Vernooij-Dassen, M.J., Dekker, J., Jönsson, L.,
Thijssen, M., Hoefnegels, W.H.L., & Olde Rikkert, G.M. (2008).
Community occupational therapy for older patients with dementia and
their care givers: cost effectiveness study (UK). BMJ, 336, 134-138.
(Level 1)
Cost-Effectiveness
• Finding: If the maximum willingness to pay per
additional quality adjusted life years is 30
thousand pounds, then there is a 86% chance
that a lifestyle intervention may be considered to
be value-for-money over 10 months (length of
study). Lead author is an occupational therapist.
Credential of other two authors not stated.
– Lambert, R.A., Lorgelly, P., Harvey, I., Poland, F. (2010). Costeffectiveness analysis of an occupational therapy-led lifestyle
approach and routine general practitioner’s care for panic disorder
(UK). Social Psychiatry and Epidemiology, 45, 741-750. (Level 1)
Cost-Effectiveness
• Participants were 163 culturally diverse volunteers aged 60 and
older. Costs for 9-month OT program averaged $548 per subject.
Post-intervention healthcare costs were lower for the OT group
($967) than for active control group ($1,726), and passive control
group ($3,334) or a combination of the control groups ($2,593).
Quality of life index showered a 4.5% QALY differential (OT vs
combined control), p < 0.001. Cost per QALY estimates for the OT
group was $10,666 (95% confidence interval = $6,747-$25,430). For
the passive and active control groups the corresponding costs per
QALY were $13,784 and $7,820 respectively. Preventive OT
demonstrated cost-effectiveness in conjunction with a trend toward
decreased medical expenditures.
– Hay, J., LaBree, L., Luo, R., Clark, F., Carlson, M., Mandel, D., Zemke, R.,
Jackson J., & Azen, S.P. (2002). Cost-effectiveness of preventive
occupational therapy for independent-living older adults. Journal of
the American Geriatrics Society, 40(8), 1381-1388. (Level I)
Readmission
• Participants in the TRIP (Transforming Relapse
and Instilling Prosperity) program had
significantly fewer re-admissions in the 12-month
follow-up period than those who attended the
(traditional) ward occupational therapy program.
• Program was effective in improving insight and
awareness of health as opposed to traditional
ward program
• Chan, Lee, & Chan (2007). TRIP: A psycho-educational programme
in Hong Kong for people with schizophrenia. Occupational Therapy
International, 14(2), 86-98.
Symptom Reduction
• Seventeen clients identified life skill deficits in self-care
activities, accessing leisure facilities, household
management, employment prospects and communication
skills.
• Outcome measures were the Positive and Negative
Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay, Fiszbein & Opler, 1987) and
the Social Functioning Scale (SFS; Birchwood, Smith,
Cochrane, Wetton & Copestake, 1990).
• On the PANSS, reduction in total symptoms and negative
symptoms was significant (p = 0.018 and p = 0.059) but not
for positive symptoms or general psychopathology
– Mairs, H. & Bradshow, T. (2004). Life skills training in schizophrenia. British
Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67(5), 217-224. (Level III)
Warning on Interpretation
• Statistical significance does not equal clinical
significance
• Statistical significance based on mathematical formula
of probability
• Clinical significance is based on observed and
measured (documented) change in function, behavior,
or performance (What can person do now, he/she
could not do before or what was person doing before
(negative symptom) that he/she is not doing now?)
• Remember: observable-measurable change in function,
behavior or performance (occupational performance,
social participation, independent living, quality of life)
Negative Symptoms
• Findings: After 12 months the occupational therapy group showed
clinically significant improvements that were not apparent in the
control group.
• Improvements were in four subscales of the Social Functioning
Scale: relationships, independence performance, independence
competence and recreation.
• Out of 30 people receiving occupational therapy those with a
clinical level of negative symptoms receded from 18 (64%) to 13
(46%, p=0.055) on the Scale for the Assessment of Negative
Symptoms (SANS)
• Authors are from Sheffield, UK.
– Cook, S., Chambers, E., & Coleman, J.H. (2009). Occupational therapy
for people with psychotic conditions in community settings: a pilot
randomized controlled trial Clinical Rehabilitation, 23(1), 40-52.(Level
1)
Treatment Effectiveness
• In clients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia
the combination of OT and clozapine was showed
to be more effective that the use of clozapine
alone
• Using repeated measures of analyses of variance
and evaluation of standardized effect sizes
• Buchain, P.k Vizzotto, A., Neto, J., & Elkis, H. (2003).
Randomized controlled trial of occupational therapy in
patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Revista
Brasilera de Psiquiatria, 25(1), 26-30.
Effectiveness of IPS
• Findings: Study investigated the effectiveness of Individual Placement and
Support ((PS) to transitional vocational program.
• Measurements included the Empowerment Scale, the Worker Role
Interview, the Profile of Occupational Engagement and the Manchester
Short Assessment of Quality of Life administered to 120 clients at
baseline, six, and 18 months.
• IPS participants showered higher scores in quality of life (p = 0.002),
empowerment (p = 0.047), and work motivation (p = 0.002) at 18 months.
Within the IPS group a significant change in QOL was shown at six (p =0.2)
and 18 months (p= 0.000) and in occupational engagement (p = 0.003; p =
0.012).
• IPS may increase individual life satisfaction and time spent in daily
occupations and community life. Study was conducted in Sweden.
– Areberg, C., & Bejerhom, U. (2013). The effect of IPS on participants’
engagement, quality of life, empowerment , and motivation: a randomized
controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy. Feb 7 [PMIS:
23387398] (Level 1)
Effectiveness of Life Skills Program
• Findings: Forty-four clients were match on cognitive level.
• Cooking was assessed using the Kitchen Task Assessment –
Modified (original by Baum & Edwards, 1993).
• Each group received three training session in cooking skills
Participants in both groups scored significantly higher on
the KTA-M after cooking lessons reflecting learning of
cooking skills (clinic p < 0.001 and home p < 0.002).
• Learning new skills in the home was not better than
learning in the clinic for people with schizophrenia in this
study.
– Duncombe, L.W. (2004). Comparing learning of cooking in home
and clinic for people with schizophrenia. American Journal of
Occupational Therapy, 58(3), 272-278. (Level 1)
Cognitive Skills
• Clients with schizophrenia received an
Instrumental Enrichment program versus
“traditional” occupational therapy program
• There was significant differences between the
two groups for both memory and thought
process suggesting cognitive dysfunction in
schizophrenia can be improved
• There was no significant difference in IADL
questionnaire or self-concept scale
– Hadas-Lidor, Katz, Tyano, & Weizman (2001). Effectiveness of dynamic
cognitive intervention in rehabilitation of clients with shcizophrenia.
Clinical Rehabilitation, 15(4), 349-359.
Quality of Life
• One hundred three participants.
• Work status and activity in terms of actual
doing were of some, but minor, importance to
subjective quality of life, whereas
• Satisfying and valuable activities were
consistently associated with more quality of
life domains.
– Eklund, M. (2009). Work status, daily activities and quality of life among
people with severe mental illness. Quality of Life Research, 18, 163-170. (Level
V, interview questionnaire).
Wellness and Work
• Work was seen as a(n)
– validation of wellness and self worth
– means of managing identity
– means of integration through interaction and
contribution
– means of establishing and maintaining a worker
identity
– opportunity to develop a worker identity
– accommodating shifts in worker identity
– opportunity to start over again
Van Nickerk, L. (2009) Participation in work: A source of
wellness for people with psychiatric disability. Work, 32, 415-465.
ADL/IADL Skill Difficulty
• Easy to Hard Tasks
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Telephone Use
Personal Care/Basic ADLs
Travel/Transport
Washing/Laundry
Shopping
Cooking
Housework
Money management
Medication management
• Scanlan, J.N. & Still, M. (2013). Functional profile of mental health
consumers assessed by occupational therapists. Psychiatry
Research, 208, 29-32. (Level V, assessment)
Intervention: Daily Living
Food management
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Nutrition
Food safety
Budgeting
Microwave cooking
Stove cooking
Obtaining food
– Grocery shopping
• Meal planning
• Meal preparation
• Clean-up
Others
• Money management
• Self-care
• Room or home cleaning
• Room/home organization
• Safe community
participation
• Travel/transportation
• Shopping (general, clothes)
• Washing clothes/laundry
Intervention: Lifestyle
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Physical fitness
Exercise
Health promotion
Dieting
Weight loss
Oral health
Housing
Violence & aggression
(threatening behaviors)
• Interests & community
resources
• Education
– GED, college, technical
– Continuing (for fun)
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Employment choices
Relationships
Quality of life
Problem solving
Lifestyle review
Goal setting
Financial management
Other Questions
• Qualified personnel. In some studies
occupational therapy aides (on the job trained)
appeared to have been used. Difficult to verify.
Program administered by MD/Psych
• Indexing: Indexing in MEDLINE is uneven. Work
therapy may be indexed under occupational
therapy when no therapist was involved
• Theories/frames of reference/models of practice.
Not fully analyzed. Mostly occupation based.
Problems: Salaries
• Average salaries are from 2010.
• Occupational therapist: $72,320
• Social worker: $42,480 (Clinical social worker, Master’s
degree entry)
• Recreational therapist: $42,280 Bachelor’s degree
(includes music therapist)
• Mental health counselor: $39,710 Master’s degree
• Rehabilitation counselor: $32,350 Master’s degree
• School and career counselor: $53,380 Master’s degree
• Bottom line: occupational therapists are expensive
– U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010 Median Salaries, Occupational
Outlook Handbook www.bls.gov/ooh
Problems: Education for MH/MI
• How many credit hours of abnormal (deviant) psychology
do you have?
• How many credit hours of psychiatric conditions (disorders)
do you have?
• How many credit hours of psychiatric or mental health
occupational therapy theory do you have?
• How many credit hours of psychiatric or mental health
fieldwork do you have?
• Are occupational therapy students being prepared to hold
positions in mental health?
• Can you assess work-related, life skills, and life-style
problems and plan programs using occupational therapy
knowledge and skill to address those problems?
OT Contribution
• Believe in unlimited potential for human occupation:
– Even during and after serious illness or injury
• Use client/person centered approach.
– Individualize the intervention plan and program to fit the
person; do not make person “fit into” the plan/program.
• Use assessments that identify “uniqueness” of person
– Help identify personal goals, values, habits, routines and
available support system as well as potential barriers such as
attitudes, psychiatric symptoms and motivation to recover.
• Identify a wide range of occupations for intervention
– That can be selectively used (individualized) to the client/person
• “Check in” with the person frequently
– Track progress and make changes in intervention plan and
program as needed.
Core Skills of Occupational Therapy
• Client-therapist collaboration
• Assessment of occupational performance
• Enabling clients to investigate, accomplish, and balance
activities of daily living
• Problem identification and problem solving specific to
occupational performance difficulties
• Therapeutic use of activity/occupation (including activity
analysis, adaptation and grading)
• Facilitating activity/occupation-based groups
• Analysis and adaptation of environments to increase
function and social participation
– Creek, J. (2003) Occupational therapy defined as a complex intervention.
London, UK: College of Occupational Therapists.
Issues
• Should OTs press mental health service providers
to ensure that enabling the occupations of
persons living with mental illness is a priority?
• Should OTs be concerned about demonstrating
how occupation can reduce the impact of mental
illness on individuals and society?
• How can OT practicing within the mental health
system, both effect change in occupation and
demonstrate how this change has a positive
effect on mental health?
• Adapted from Krupa, T. (2007). My dinner with John. Australian
Occupational Therapy Journal, 54(1), 1-3. (editorial)
References
• Bazyk, S. (Ed). (2011). Mental health promotion, pevention, and
intervention with children and youth: A guiding framework for
occupational therapy. Bethesda, MD: AOTA Press.
• Brown, C., & Stoffel, V.C. (Eds.). (2011). Occupational therapy in mental
health: A vision for participation. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis.
• Cara, E. & MacRae, A. (Eds.). (2013). Psychosocial occupational therapy: An
evolving practice, 3rd ed., New York: Delmar/Cengage Learning
• Crouch, R., & Alers, V. (Eds.). (2005). Occupational therapy in psychiatry
and mental health, 4th ed., Philadelphia, PA: Wiley. (formerly Whurr)
• Creek, J. & Lougher, L. (Eds),(2008). Occupational therapy and mental
health, 4th ed., Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
• Eisfelder, R., & Gewurtz, R. (2012). Mental health and work. In: B.
Bravemen & JJ Page (Eds). Work: Promoting participation & productivity
through occupational therapy. Pp 198-220). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis
• Hemphill-Pearson, B.J. (Ed.).(2008) Assessments in occupational therapy
mental health. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Inc.
• McKay, E.A., Craik, C., Lim, K.H., & Richards, G. (2008). Advancing
occupational therapy in mental health practice. Oxford, UK: Blackwell
Publishing.
References
• Meyers, S.K. (2010). Community mental health practice. In S.K. Meyers.
Community practice in occupational therapy, pp. 103-119. Boston, MA:
Jones & Bartlett Publishers
• Ramsey, P. & Swarbrick, P. (2014). Providing occupational therapy services
for persons with psychiatric disabilities: Promoting recovery and wellness.
In: B.A.B. Schell, G. Gillen & M.E. Scaffa. (Eds). Willard & Spackman’s
occupational therapy (12th ed., pp. 936-945). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott,
Williams & Wilkins.
• Ross, J. (2007). Vocational rehabilitation for specific health conditions and
disabilities. In J. Ross. Occupational therapy and vocational rehabilitation,
pp 159-196. West Sussex, UK: Wiley
• Scaffa, M.E., Pizzi, M.A., & Chromiak, A.B.(2010). Promoting mental
health and emotional wellbeing. In: M.E. Scaffa, S.M. Reitz, & M.A. Pizzi
(Eds.). Occupational therapy in the promotion of health and wellness, pp
329-349. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis.
• Scheinholtz, M.KI. (Ed.). (2010). Occupational therapy in mental health:
considerations for advanced practice. Bethesda, MD: AOTA Press.
• Söderback, I. (Ed.). (2009). International Handbook of occupational
therapy interventions. Dordrechr: Springer
References
• van Niekerk, L. (2004). Psychiatric disability in the world of
work: shifts in attitude and service models. In R. Watson &
L. Swartz (Eds). Transformation through occupation, pp.
143-152. Philadelphia, PA: Wiley. Formerly Whurr
• Master List of References of Current OT Researchers in
Mental Health, January, 2009.
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Go to www.aota.org
Select SIS communities on left side of page
Sign in (if you’re not a member, join)
Select Mental Health SIS
Under Resources select either the Annotated Bibliography of
Current OT Researchers in Mental Health (139 pages) or Master
List of References of Current OT Researchers in Mental Health
(26 pages)