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• Ross is experiencing a lot of anxiety. He is losing
a lot of weight and he continuously feels cold.
• Duncan feels really faint sometimes. He has
difficulty forming sentences and feels dumb. He
finds drinking a glass of orange juice or eating
something helps.
• Karen wanders what drives the metamorphosis
of some animals.
• Christina wanders why she feels crazy
sometimes when she is in love.
HOMEOSTASIS
• Maintenance of internal conditions in the
body
• influences almost every cell, organ, and function of our
bodies
• E.g. regulates mood, growth, and development
Hormones:
STEROID HORMONES
STEROID HORMONES IN
ACTION
www.conncoll.edu/academics/departments/biology/humanphysanims/endosterhorm.html
PEPTIDE HORMONES
• Peptides and Amines: Peptides are
secreted by the pituitary, parathyroid,
heart, stomach, liver and kidneys while
amines (derived from tyrosine) are
secreted by the thyroid and the adrenal
medulla.
PEPTIDE HORMONES IN ACTION
EXOCRINE GLANDS
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
PITUITARY GLAND
(THE MASTER)
• anterior lobe is glandular
OXYTOCIN
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
ENDORPHINS AND
ENKEPHALINS
ABNORMALITIES
THYROID GLAND
Thyroxine:
•
Calcitonin:
Regulation of Thyroxine Production
HYPERTHYROIDISM
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Increased metabolism
Feel hot
Lose weight
Fatigue but have trouble sleeping
Trembling hands
Irregular heartbeat
Irritable and easily upset
HYPOTHYROIDISM
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Low metabolism rate therefore weight gain
Weakness
Fatigue
Coarse dry hair
Cold intolerance
Irritability and depression
Memory loss
OTHER ABNORMALITIES
PARATHYROID GLAND
• Four tiny glands embedded
in thyroid
• produces parathyroid
hormone (PTH)
Calcium Regulation
OSTERIOPEROSIS
ADRENAL GLANDS
CORTISOL
EPINEPHRIN
• Central role in short-term response to stress
• Causes increase heart rate, stroke volume, dilates pupils,
constricts arterioles in skin and dilates arterioles in leg
muscles, elevates blood sugar, suppressive effect on the
immune system.
NOREPINEPHRINE
• activated during stress
• plays a role in attention and focus, depression,
• ADD/ADHD medication increases it
Stress response is short-term
spinal cord (cross section)
Stress response is long-term
neurosecretory cells produce
releasing hormone
anterior pituitary secretes ACTH
sympathetic fibres
glucocorticoids
adrenaline
noradrenaline
mineralocorticoids
adrenal medulla
Stress response:
. heartbeat and blood pressure increase .
blood glucose level rises
. breathing rate increases
. muscles become energized
. digestive system shuts down
adrenal cortex
Stress response:
. protein and fat metabolism occur instead of
glucose breakdown
. reduction of inflammation; immune cells are suppressed
. sodium ions and water are re-absorbed by kidney
. blood volume and pressure increase
PINEAL GLAND
THYMUS GLAND
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
SEX DIFFERENTIATION IN FETUS