Download Endocrine system - Walailak University

Endocrine
system
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Endocrine system
Lect. Thawatchai Lukseng
School of Allied Health Sciences and Public Health
Walailak University
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Contents
• Introduction to endocrine system
• Hormones from
• Hypothalamus
• Anterior pituitary gland
• Thyroid gland
• Adrenal gland
• Pancreas
• hormones regulate calcium metabolism
• other hormones
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• Tutorials (if have timeEndocrine
enough)
system
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Coordinating system
Coordination of systems:
• Nervous System
- Rapid response
- Short lasting
- Uses neurotransmitters
• Endocrine System
- Slow response
- Long lasting
- Uses hormones
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Self-regulating system
-Growth
- Metabolism
- Reproduction
- Fluid and electrolyte balance
For regulate homeostasis
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Hormones
• A specific chemical compound is produced
by a specific tissue of the body.
• Where it is released in the body fluids
and carried to a distant target tissue
• Where it affects a pre-existing mechanism
and is effective is small amounts.
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Endocrine glands and organs
 Endocrine glands
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 Endocrine organs
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Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Ovary
Testes
Pancreas (Islets)
Placenta
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Brain
Heart
Kidney
Liver
GI tract
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Classification of hormones
Hormones are divided into 4 groups.
Protein
Amine
- the most found
- derivatives of amino acids
- GH, oxytocin, FSH, LH,
- tyrosine NE, E, DA, TH
TSH, HCG, Insulin
- tryptophan  melatonin, serotonin
Steroid
Eicosanoid
-Converted from cholesterol
- core of molecule is
cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring
- hormones from adrenal cortex,
- arachidonic acid*
- prostaglandin, prostacyclin,
thromboxane, leukotriene
sex h., vit. D
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-Derivatives of unsaturated FFA
at cell membrane
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- autocrine and paracrine
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Autocrine
Target
Hormone
Cell A
Paracrine
Target
Hormone
Cell A
Response
Cell B
Endocrine
Cell A
Response
Cell A
Target
Hormone
Hormone
Cell B
Response
Blood stream
Neurocrine
Cell A
Neuron
Target
Hormone
Hormone
Blood stream
Cell B
Response
Hormone secretion control
1. Neural control
- visual, taste, smell, etc
2. Feedback control
2.1 Negative feedback
2.2 Positive feedback
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Negative feedback
+
Endocrine glands
Target tissues
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Negative feedback
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Positive feedback
+
Endocrine glands
Target tissues
+
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Positive feedback
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Mechanism of hormone action
1. Hormone recognition
Cell surface receptors
Specific receptors
Intracellular receptors
Nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles
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Mechanism of hormone action
H+receptor
Hormone receptor complex
-Specificity
- Number
- Affinity
- Reversible
Single H + Different R
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Different effects
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Mechanism of hormone action
Cell surface receptors
- Proteins, peptides, catecholamine and
eicosanoids
- second messengers
Intracellular receptors
- Steroids, thyroid hormone, and vitamin D
- modulate gene expression in target cells
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Cell surface receptors
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Intracellular receptors
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Mechanism of hormone action
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Mechanism of hormone action
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Mechanism of hormone action
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Hypothalamus
Main function of hypothalamus
is
maintain body homeostasis
Hypothalamic hormones
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Hypothalamic hormones
- Releasing hormones
- Inhibiting hormones
-Stimulate or inhibit the anterior
pituitary hormones
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Posterior pituitary hormones
- 2 hormones: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
and oxytocin
- Synthesis in HT neurons
- Supraoptic nucleus  ADH
- Paraventricular nucleus  oxytocin
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water
water
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Acute stress
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Catecholamine
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Anterior pituitary gland hormones
Included:
1. GH (Growth hormone)
2. PRL (Prolactin)
3. TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)
4. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
5. Gn (Gonadotropin)
5.1 FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)
5.2 LH (Leutinizing hormone)
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Hepatic glucose production
Cellular glucose uptake
Lipolysis
Blood FFA
&utilization
Blood glucose
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GH deficit
Child
Retard growth (dwarfism)
Protein wasting
Adult
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Thinner skin
Muscle weakness,
osteoporosis
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PRL excess
Finding
-Galactorrhea
- Infertility
- Gynecomastia
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Hyperthyroid- Grave’s disease
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Symptoms
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Anxiety
Irritability
Difficulty sleeping
Fatigue
A rapid or irregular heartbeat
A fine tremor of your hands or fingers
An increase in perspiration
Sensitivity to heat
Weight loss, despite normal food intake
Enlargement of your thyroid gland (goiter)
Light menstrual periods
Frequent bowel movements
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Hypothyroidism
 Fatigue
 Sluggishness
 Increased sensitivity to cold
 Constipation
 Pale, dry skin
 A puffy face
 Hoarse voice
 An elevated blood cholesterol level
 Unexplained weight gain
 Muscle aches, tenderness and stiffness
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Hypothyroidism (2)
Pain, stiffness or swelling in your joints
Muscle weakness
Heavier than normal menstrual periods
Brittle fingernails and hair
Depression
Myxedema
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Stimulate adrenal cortex for releasing
 Mineralocorticoid  aldosterone
 Glucocorticoid  cortisol (stress hormone)
 Sex hormone
 Androgen
• Dehydroepiandrosterone
• Androstenedione
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Gonadotropin (Gn)
 Composed of 2 hormones
 FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
 LH (Leutinizing hormone)
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-Ovulatory phase: peak E, low P, surge in LH
- Luteal phase: moderate E and high P
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LH surge
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ovulation
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>
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Na+&H2O
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0.5°C
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Menstruation (1)
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Menstruation (2)
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Including
 Thyroid gland
 Adrenal gland
 Pancreas
 Hormone regulate Ca2+ metabolism
 Other hormones
 Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
 Erythropoietin (EPO)
 Melatonin
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Adrenal gland
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Adrenal gland
Adrenal hormone
Adrenal cortex hormones
Glucocorticoid
Mineralocorticoid
Sex hormones
Adrenal medulla hormones
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Norepinephrine (20%)
Epinephrine (80%)
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Adrenal medulla
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Adrenal medulla
Adrenal E & NE
Marked deviation of homeostasis
 circulating hormone
Adrenal cathecolamines  10% of
sympathetic activities
Sympathetic NE
Fine regulation  neurotransmitter
(local hormone)
Intense stimulation  circulation
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Adrenal medulla
Cathecolamine actions
NE & E act via α1, α 2, β1, β2
Adrenergic receptors (Cell-surface
receptor)
Different receptors  different
intracellular mechanisms
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Adrenal medulla
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Adrenal medulla
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Stress response
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Pancreatic hormone
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Islets of Langerhans
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Islets of Langerhans
A (α) cells 20-30% Glucagon
B (β) cells 60-80% Insulin
D (δ) cells 8% Somatostatin
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Glucagon
• 29 amino acids
• Glucagon act by binding to its receptor and activated
G protein which cause an increase in cAMP
• Increase blood glucose levels (opposite effect of insulin)
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Glucagon
Factors affecting glucagon secretion
Sympathetic
activity
-
+
Insulin
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-
Parasympathetic
activity
Islet α cells
+
Increased
amino acid
+
Glucagon
secretion
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Low
Glucose
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Glucagon actions

Glycogen sythesis

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

Hepatic glucose production

Lipolysis
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Insulin and
glucagon
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Blood glucose concentration
70-110 mg/dl
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Cathecolamine
s
Corticosteroids
Growth
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Insulin
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Peptide
hormone
MW about 6,000
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Factor affecting insulin secretion
- Glucose
- Vagus N
- Amino acids
- GI hormones
+
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+
β cells
Insuli
n
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-
- α adrenergic
- Insulin
Somatostatin
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Insulin actions
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Insulin deficit
Diabetes Mellitus
Absolute: Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
 IDDM
 Type I (5-10%)
Relative: Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
 NIDDM
 Type II (90-95%)
 Defect in insulin secretion
 Insulin resistance
• Receptor
• Post-receptor
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Diagnostic DM
A casual plasma glucose level (taken
at any time of day) of 200 mg/dl or
greater
A fasting plasma glucose value of
126 mg/dl or greater
Oral glucose tolerance test
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An OGTT value in the blood of 200
mg/dl or greater measured at the 2hour interval
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Test 2 times
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HbA1c test
measures the amount of glycated
hemoglobin in the blood
Glycated hemoglobin is a substance in red
blood cells that is formed when blood
sugar (glucose) attaches to hemoglobin
how well you have managed your diabetes
over the last 2 or 3 months (and not
affected by insulin)
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higher your HbA1c, the higher the risk that
you will develop problems such as:
Eye disease
Heart disease
Kidney disease
Nerve damage
Stroke
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An HbA1c of 6% or less is normal.
If you have diabetes, you should try to
keep your HbA1c level at or below 7%
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Signs and symptoms of DM
Hyperglycemia  Glucosuria (Osmotic
diuresis)
Hyperlipidemia  Ketonemia
Protein wasting  Weight loss
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Insulin excess
Over dose insulin
Insulinoma
Hypoglycemia
Neuroglycopenia
• Hunger
• Dizziness
• Coma
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Cathecolamine: anxiety, sweating,
tachycardia
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Hormone control of Ca2+
metabolism
Vitamin D
PTH
Calcitonin
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Vitamin D synthesis
Skin
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Liver
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Kidney
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Vitamin D action
GUT
Bone
Kidney
Parathyroid
Inhibit transcription of the PTH gene
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Abnormal vitamin D secretion
Vit. D deficit
Rickets and osteomalacia
Decreased blood calcium
Vit. D excess
Hypercalcemia (rare)
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Rickets/Osteomalaci
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Released from chief cells of parathyroid gland
PTH decrease plasma Ca2+
PTH actions
Direct
 Increase resorption of Ca2+ in the distal tubule
 PTH increases PO43- and HCO3- excretion in the urine
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PTH actions (Kidney)
Indirect
enhance action of 1α hydroxylase
PTH actions (Bone)
PTH acts on osteoblasts
to inhibit the synthesis of collagen (inhibition of
bone formation)
to stimulate secretion of cytokines, which acts
on the osteoclasts to promote demineralization
and Ca2+ release
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Abnormal PTH secretion
PTH deficit
Hypocalcemia
PTH excess
Hypercalcemia
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Calcitonin
Released from parafollicular (c or
clear cells) cells of the thyroid
gland
It decreased plasma Ca2+
Opposite function with PTH
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Other hormones
MSH
EPO
Melatonin
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MSH
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
It releases from intermediate lobe of pituitary
gland
Dark activates and light inhibits MSH
synthesis
In human, intermediate lobe of pituitary gland
not growth, resulting in no MSH releasing in
human
In human, ACTH is acting like MSH
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EPO
Erythropoietin
Produced from kidney (85%), liver cell, and
other cells
It activates RBC production (erythrocyte stem
cells erythroblastreticulocyteerythrocyte (RBC))
Hypoxia, alkalosis, TH, GH, androgen
increase EPO production
Chronic renal failure  reduction of EPO
High-altitude hypoxia  increasing of EPO
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Melatonin
From pineal gland (3rd eye)
Light-dark cycle
It inhibits GnRH & Gn
Melatonin deficit  precocious puberty
Sleep-wake , Jet lag
Antagonist of MSH (reptile)
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