Download New_app

Figure 8.1 The pectoral girdle and clavicle.
Sternal (medial)
end
Acromioclavicular
joint
Clavicle
Posterior
Scapula
Anterior
Acromial (lateral)
end
(b) Right clavicle, superior view
Acromial end
Anterior
Trapezoid line
Posterior
Tuberosity for
costoclavicular
ligament
(c) Right clavicle, inferior view
Conoid tubercle
(a) Articulated pectoral girdle
Sternal end
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.1a The pectoral girdle and clavicle.
Acromioclavicular
joint
Clavicle
Scapula
(a) Articulated pectoral girdle
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.1b The pectoral girdle and clavicle.
Sternal (medial)
end
Posterior
Anterior
Acromial (lateral)
end
(b) Right clavicle, superior view
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.1c The pectoral girdle and clavicle.
Acromial end
Anterior
Trapezoid line
Posterior
Sternal end
Tuberosity for
Conoid tubercle
costoclavicular
ligament
(c) Right clavicle, inferior view
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.2a The scapula.
Acromion
Suprascapular notch
Coracoid
process
Superior border
Superior
angle
Glenoid
cavity
Lateral border
Subscapular
fossa
Medial border
(a) Right scapula, anterior aspect
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Inferior angle
Figure 8.2b The scapula.
Suprascapular notch
Coracoid process
Superior
angle
Acromion
Supraspinous
fossa
Spine
Glenoid
cavity
at lateral
angle
Infraspinous
fossa
Medial border
(b) Right scapula, posterior aspect
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Lateral border
Figure 8.2c The scapula.
Supraspinous fossa
Acromion
Supraglenoid
tubercle
Supraspinous
fossa
Coracoid
process
Infraspinous
fossa
Posterior
Subscapular
fossa
Anterior
Spine
Glenoid
cavity
Infraspinous
fossa
Infraglenoid
tubercle
Subscapular
fossa
(c) Right scapula, lateral aspect
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Inferior angle
Figure 8.3a The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.
Greater tubercle
Head of humerus
Lesser tubercle
Anatomical neck
Intertubercular
sulcus
Deltoid tuberosity
Lateral supracondylar
ridge
Coronoid fossa
Radial fossa
Capitulum
(a) Anterior view
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea
Figure 8.3b The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.
Head of humerus
Greater tubercle
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Radial groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Medial supracondylar
ridge
Olecranon fossa
Medial epicondyle
(b) Posterior view
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Lateral epicondyle
Trochlea
Figure 8.3c The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.
Humerus
Coronoid
fossa
Capitulum
Medial
epicondyle
Head of
radius
Trochlea
Radial
tuberosity
Radius
(c) Anterior view at the elbow region
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Coronoid
process of
ulna
Radial notch
Ulna
Figure 8.3d The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.
Humerus
Olecranon
fossa
Olecranon
process
Medial
epicondyle
Lateral
epicondyle
Head
Neck
Ulna
(d) Posterior view of extended elbow
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Radius
Figure 8.4a Radius and ulna of the right forearm.
Radial notch
of the ulna
Olecranon process
Head
Neck
Trochlear notch
Radial
tuberosity
Coronoid process
Proximal radioulnar
joint
Interosseous
membrane
Ulna
Radius
Styloid process
of radius
(a) Anterior view
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Ulnar notch of
the radius
Head of ulna
Distal radioulnar joint
Styloid process of ulna
Figure 8.4b Radius and ulna of the right forearm.
Olecranon
process
Head of radius
Neck of radius
Interosseous
membrane
Ulna
Ulnar notch
of the radius
Radius
Head of ulna
Styloid process
of ulna
(b) Posterior view
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Styloid process of radius
Figure 8.4c Radius and ulna of the right forearm.
Olecranon process
Trochlear notch
View
Coronoid process
Radial notch
(c) Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.4d Radius and ulna of the right forearm.
Ulnar notch of radius
Articulation
for lunate
Articulation
for scaphoid
Styloid
process
View
Head of
ulna
Styloid
process
(d) Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.5 Location of styloid processes of radius and ulna.
Styloid process
of radius
Head of
ulna
Styloid process
of ulna
(a) Normal position
(b) Radiograph of fractured radius,
Colles’ fracture
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.5a Location of styloid processes of radius and ulna.
Styloid process
of radius
Head of
ulna
Styloid process
of ulna
(a) Normal position
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.5b Location of styloid processes of radius and ulna.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.6 Bones of the hand.
Phalanges
Distal
Middle
Proximal
Carpals
Hamate
Capitate
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Lunate
Ulna
5
4 3 2
Metacarpals
Head
Shaft
Base
Sesamoid
bones
1
Carpals
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Scaphoid
1
Radius
(a) Anterior view of right hand
2
3
4 5
Carpals
Hamate
Capitate
Triquetrum
Lunate
Ulna
(b) Posterior view of right hand
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.6a Bones of the hand.
Phalanges
Distal
Middle
Proximal
Carpals
Hamate
Capitate
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Lunate
5
4 3 2
Sesamoid
bones
1
Carpals
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Scaphoid
Ulna
Radius
(a) Anterior view of right hand
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.6b Bones of the hand.
Metacarpals
Head
Shaft
Base
Carpals
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Scaphoid
1
2
3
4 5
Radius
Carpals
Hamate
Capitate
Triquetrum
Lunate
Ulna
(b) Posterior view of right hand
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.7 Carpal tunnel.
Hamate
Capitate Trapezoid
Carpel tunnel
Flexor tendons
Median nerve
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Trapezium
Figure 8.8a Bones of the pelvic girdle.
Base of sacrum
Iliac crest
Iliac fossa
llium
Coxal
bone
(os coxae
or hip
Pubis
bone)
Sacrum
Coccyx
Ischium
(a) Pelvic girdle
Pubic arch
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Sacroiliac
joint
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Sacral
promontory
Anterior
inferior iliac
spine
Pelvic brim
Acetabulum
Pubic
tubercle
Pubic crest
Pubic
symphysis
Figure 8.8b Bones of the pelvic girdle.
Tubercle of
the iliac crest
Ilium
Ala
Anterior gluteal
line
Iliac crest
Posterior
gluteal line
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Posterior
superior
iIiac spine
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Inferior
gluteal line
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Greater sciatic
notch
Ischial body
Acetabulum
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic
notch
Ischium
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Pubic body
Pubis
Ischial
tuberosity
Ischial ramus
(b) Lateral view, right hip bone
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Inferior ramus
of pubis
Figure 8.8c Bones of the pelvic girdle.
Ilium
Iliac fossa
Iliac crest
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Arcuate
line
Superior ramus
of pubis
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Body of
the ilium
Obturator
foramen
Ilium
Ischium
Ischium
Articular surface of
pubis (at pubic
symphysis)
Inferior ramus
of pubis
Auricular
surface
Ischial spine
Pubic tubercle
Pubis
Posterior
inferior
iliac spine
Ischial ramus
(c) Medial view, right hip bone
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.9 Midsagittal section through the pelvis.
Plane
through
midpelvis
Anterior
Sacral
promontory
Anterior
abdominal
wall
Sacral
canal
Sacrum
False
pelvis
Sacroiliac
joint
Iliac fossa
Pelvic brim,
defining
pelvic inlet
Arcuate line
True
pelvis
Symphyseal
surface
Ischial spine
Coccyx
Coccyx
Symphyseal
surface
Sacrospinous
ligament
Sacrotuberous
Ischial tuberosity
ligament
(a) Some of the ligaments of the pelvis
Plane of pelvic outlet
(b) True and false pelves
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.9a Midsagittal section through the pelvis.
Anterior
Sacral
promontory
Sacral
canal
Sacrum
Plane
through
midpelvis
Sacroiliac
joint
Iliac fossa
Arcuate line
Ischial spine
Coccyx
Symphyseal
surface
Sacrospinous
ligament
Sacrotuberous
Ischial tuberosity
ligament
(a) Some of the ligaments of the pelvis
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.9b Midsagittal section through the pelvis.
Plane through
midpelvis
Anterior
abdominal
wall
False
pelvis
Pelvic brim,
defining
pelvic inlet
Symphyseal
surface
Plane of pelvic outlet
(b) True and false pelves
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
True
pelvis
Coccyx
Figure 8.10a The right patella (a) and femur
Apex
Anterior
Facet for lateral
condyle of femur
Facet for
medial
condyle
of femur
Surface for
patellar
ligament
Posterior
(a) Patella (kneecap)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.10b The right patella (a) and femur
Fovea
capitis
Head
Neck
Lesser trochanter
Intertrochanteric
line
Gluteal tuberosity
Greater
trochanter
Intertrochanteric
crest
Linea aspera
Medial and
lateral supracondylar lines
Intercondylar fossa
Lateral
condyle
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial condyle
Lateral
epicondyle
(b) Femur (thigh bone)
Patellar
surface
Adductor tubercle
Medial
epicondyle
Anterior view
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Posterior view
Figure 8.11a The tibia and fibula of the right leg.
Intercondylar eminence
Lateral condyle
Head
Proximal tibiofibular
joint
Medial condyle
Tibial
tuberosity
Interosseous
membrane
Anterior border
Fibula
Distal tibiofibular
joint
Lateral malleolus
(a) Anterior view
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Tibia
Medial malleolus
Articular surface
Figure 8.11b The tibia and fibula of the right leg.
Articular surface
of medial condyle
Medial
condyle
Articular surface
of lateral condyle
Head of fibula
Interosseous
membrane
Tibia
Fibula
Fibular notch
Articular surface
Medial malleolus
(b) Posterior view
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Lateral malleolus
Figure 8.11c The tibia and fibula of the right leg.
Lateral
condyle
Tibial
tuberosity
(c) Anterior view, proximal tibia
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.11d The tibia and fibula of the right leg.
Lateral
condyle
Fibula
articulates
here
Line for
soleus
muscle
(d) Posterior view, proximal tibia
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.11e The tibia and fibula of the right leg.
Fracture
sites
(e) Fracture of both malleoli
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.12 Bones of the right foot.
Sustentaculum
tali (talar shelf)
Navicular
Talus
Facet for
medial
malleolus
Intermediate
cuneiform
First metatarsal
Phalanges
Distal
Middle
Proximal
1
Medial
cuneiform
2
3
4
Metatarsals
5
Intermediate
cuneiform
Lateral
cuneiform
Navicular
Cuboid
Calcaneus
Medial
cuneiform
Calcaneal
tuberosity
(b) Medial view
Facet for
lateral malleolus
Navicular
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
Tarsals
Talus
Talus
Trochlea
of talus
Calcaneus
(a) Superior view
Calcaneus
(c) Lateral view
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Cuboid
Fifth metatarsal
Figure 8.12a Bones of the right foot.
Phalanges
Distal
Middle
Proximal
1
Medial
cuneiform
2
3 4
Metatarsals
5
Intermediate
cuneiform
Lateral
cuneiform
Navicular
Cuboid
Tarsals
Talus
Trochlea
of talus
Calcaneus
(a) Superior view
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.12b Bones of the right foot.
Sustentaculum
tali (talar shelf)
Navicular
Talus
Facet for
medial
malleolus
Intermediate
cuneiform
First metatarsal
Calcaneus
Medial
cuneiform
(b) Medial view
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Calcaneal
tuberosity
Figure 8.12c Bones of the right foot.
Facet for
lateral malleolus
Navicular
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
Talus
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Fifth metatarsal
(c) Lateral view
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.13 Arches of the foot.
Medial longitudinal
arch
Transverse arch
Lateral
longitudinal arch
(a) Lateral aspect of right foot
(b) X-ray, medial aspect of right foot;
keystone of medial longitudinal
arch at arrow.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.13a Arches of the foot.
Medial longitudinal
arch
Transverse arch
Lateral
longitudinal arch
(a) Lateral aspect of right foot
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.13b Arches of the foot.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.14 Congenital disorders of the lower limb.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.14a Congenital disorders of the lower limb.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.14b Congenital disorders of the lower limb.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.15 Changes in body proportions throughout life.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Table 8.1 Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton (1 of 3)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Table 8.1 Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton (2 of 3)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Table 8.1 Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton (3 of 3)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Table 8.2 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (1 of 3)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Table 8.2 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (2 of 3)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Table 8.2 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (3 of 3)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Table 8.3 Bones of the Lower Limbs (1 of 3)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Table 8.3 Bones of the Lower Limbs (2 of 3)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Table 8.3 Bones of the Lower Limbs (3 of 3)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.