Download Kuliah 1 Pembukaan FISIOTERAPI UMM

PENGANTAR KULIAH
ANATOMI
Dr. Thontowi Djauhari NS, M.Kes
Laboratorium Anatomi
Program Studi Fisoterapi
Univ. Muhammadiyah Malang
Kuliah Perdana
Laboratorium Anatomi
PROGRAM STUDI FISIOTERAPI
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
Tanggal, 18 September 2013
Sine Anatomi Nihil Medicine
Tidak Ada Ilmu Kedokteran Tanpa
Anatomi
ANATOMI
Asal Kata. Greek “ temnein”
artinya
“memotong”
( dissecting )
Pengertian.
Adalah ilmu yang mempelajari struktur tubuh
melalui pemotongan ( dissecting )
--------- Ilmu Urai.
Selayang Pandang
130-201
1538
: - Galen.Dokter Yunani melakukan dissecting pada
hewan.
- mengetahui bahwa darah mengalir dari jantung.
- Membuat hypotese bahwa susunan syaraf terdiri dari
devisi sensoris dan motoris.
: - Andreas Vesalius Dokter Belgia tinggal di Italia
melakukan dissecting pada manusia
- menerbitkan buku anatomi pertama berjudul
De Fabrica Corporis Humani
1578-1657: William Harvey seorang Anatomis menerangkan
bahwa aliran darah merupakan aliran darah searah
Jantung
arteri
vena
Jantung
Pembagian anatomi
Mikroskopik Anatomi
( Histologi = Ilmu Jaringan).
Ilmu yang mempelajari struktur tubuh dengan
menggunakan mikroskop
Makroskopik Anatomi
( Gross Anatomy = Ilmu Urai.)
Ilmu yang mempelajari struktur tubuh tanpa alat
pembesar.
Approaches to Studying Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy
Undergraduate courses
are taught systemically,
mainly because
physiology is taught
along with anatomy.
Regional Anatomy
Medical school courses
are taught regionally.
Dissection of a cadaver
is best done in this
manner.
Regional Anatomy
This course will be divided
into 4 units:
1. Back and Upper Limb
2. Thorax and Abdomen
3. Pelvis and Lower Limb
4. Head and Neck
SISTEM TUBUH MANUSIA
Atoms
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Organ Systems
Organ Systems
The urinary system, made up of kidneys, urinary
bladder, and tubes that convey urine, rids the body
of nitrogenous wastes, and regulates fluid balance
and pH.
Regio-regio Dalam Tubuh
manusia
Nama Regio
Nama Anatomi.
Cephalic
Cervicalis
Thoracalis
Brachialis
Cephalon
Cervicis
Thorax
Brachium
Abdominalis
Gluteus
Femoralis
Abdomen
Glutea
Femur
Cruris
Pedis
Crural
Pes
Regional Terms
Regional Terms
Terminologi
Anatomi
Anatomical Terminology
Directional.
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Anterior
= front
---- navel is on the anterior the trunk.
Ventral
= belly side ---- navel is on the ventral surface.
Posterior = behind ---- spine is on the posterior of the body.
Dorsal
= back = behind.
Cranial
= toward the head --- Chest is cranial to the abdomen.
Superior = above ( when referring to standing human body superior is
equivalent to cranial)
Caudal
= toward the tail ----- the hips are cudal to the waist.
Inferior
= below; at a lower level. --- the knees are inferior to hips.
Medial
= toward the mid line
Lateral
= away from midline
Proximal = toward the central of the body
Distal
= away from the central of the body.
Superficial = toward body surface.
Profundus = away from body surface.
Abreviation
a.
v.
n.
= arteri
= artery
= vena
= vein
= nervus
= nerve
m.
= musculus = muscle
aa.
= arteriae = arteries
vv.
= venae
= veins
mm. = musculi
= muscles
nn.
= nervi
= nerves.
Terms of
Relationship and
Comparison
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Superficial vs. deep
Medial vs. lateral
Superior vs. inferior
Cranial vs. caudal
Anterior vs. posterior
Proximal vs. distal
Dorsal vs. palmar
Dorsal vs. plantar
Be able to use each term
in a sentence. (See figure.)
Sections
MOVEMENT
Anatomic Positions
Prone
Supine
Anatomic Positions
Trendelenburg’s position
Fowler’s position
Cabang Lain Anatomi
Anatomi Perkembangan
– Embryology. Ilmu yang mempelajari anatomi
sebelum lahir . Disebut juga morphogenesis
– Ontogeny. Ilmu yang mempelajari perkembangan
mahluk dari fertilisasi sampai dewasa
– Anthropology Ragawi. Adalah bagian dari
phylogeny yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari
terjadinya suatu phylum--- ras.
Comparative Anatomi
Radiographic Anatomi
Praktikum
Menghargai preparat/cadaver
Jas Praktikum Rapi + Tanda Pengenal
Membawa alat-alat praktikum sendiri
Kuku dipotong pendek
Masuk Tepat Waktu
Dimulai dengan doa bersama
Keluar Lab. Harus Seijin Dosen
Tempat Sholat disediakan
MATERI KULIAHFISIOTERAPI
Anatomi Umum
Embriologi Umum
Osteologi bagian atas
Osteologi bagian Bawah
Artrologi
Extremitas atas 1
Extremitas atas 2
Extremitas bawah 1
Extremitas bawah 2
Panca Indra
Respirasi dan
cardiovascular
Pencernakan
Urogenital dan uropoetika
Endocrin
Saraf
SISTEM TUBUH PERMUKAAN
MUSCULOSKELETAL
Thontowi Djauhari NS M.Kes
Laboratorium Anatomi
Program Studi Fisioterai
Univ. Muhammadiyah Malang
SKELETON (Kerangka
Tulang)
Axial skeleton :
Skull
Auditory ossicles
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column
Ribs and sternum
22
6
1
26
25
---80
Appendicular skeleton :
Upper extremity
64
Lower extremity
62
---126
Total
206
Axial Skeleton –
merupakan tulang axis dari tubuh :
Contoh : cranium, vertebrae, sacrum,
costae
Appendicular Skeleton –
berbungan dengan penyusun
tubuh :
Contoh : extremitas atas bawah dan
pelvis
Skeletal System
Structure:
– Bones
– Cartilage
Function
–
–
–
–
–
Protection
Support
Movement
Storage for salts (e.g., calcium)
Supply of new blood cells
Parts
Axial skeleton
(skull, hyoid, vertebrae/sacrum, ribs,
sternum)
Appendicular skeleton
(bones of limbs including pectoral/pelvic
girdles)
An Overview of the Skeleton
There are 206 bones in the adult human body
Skeletal Divisions
Axial skeleton (80 bones)
– Skull
– Thoracic cage and sternum
– Vertebral column
Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
– Upper, lower limbs
– Pectoral girdle
– Pelvic girdle
JENIS TULANG
Panjang
Pipih
Sesamoid
Pendek
Tak beraturan
KOMPOSISI TULANG
Water (25%)
Organic Constituent (~25%)
– Collagen.
A fibrous protein that provide flexibility.
Inorganic Constituent (~50%)
– Calcium phosphate and calcium
carbonate.
Mineral salts that provide hardness.
Bone Cell Types
Osteogenic cells- stem cells.
Osteoblasts- bone building cells, secrete matrix & collagen
fibers.
Osteocytes- mature bone cells that no longer secrete
matrix.
Osteoclasts- bone digestion.
Anatomy of a Long Bone
Diaphysis- shaft.
Epiphysis- the distal and proximal
ends of a long bone.
Metaphysis- regions in a mature
bone where the diaphysis joins
the epiphysis.
Articular cartilage- a thin layer of
hyaline cartilage that covers each
epiphysis.
Medullary cavity- the space in the
diaphysis that contains fatty
yellow bone marrow.
Histology of Compact Bone
Concentric Lamellae- calcified matrix surrounding a vertically
oriented blood vessel.
Lacuna- a small hollow space, contains osteocytes.
Canaliculus- a small channel filled with extracellular fluid that
connects lacunae to each other, and to the central canal.
Central Canal- a circular channel that contains blood and
lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
Lacunae, Lamellae, Canaliculi, Haversian Canals
Structure of Long Bone
Figure 6.3
Bone Growth in Length
Epiphyseal plate
– Cartilage cells in this plate divide
rapidly.
– Zone of proliferating cartilage.
Between ages 18-25, the
epiphyseal plates close.
– Cartilage cells in the plate stop
dividing and bone replaces the
cartilage.
Growth in length stops at age
25.
Long Bone Formation and Growth
Slide
Bone Growth in Width
Factors Affecting Bone
Growth 1
Nutrition
– Adequate levels of vitamins and minerals.
Calcium and phosphorus for bone growth.
Vitamin C for collagen formation.
Vitamins K and B12 for protein synthesis.
Factors Affecting Bone
Growth 2
Hormones
– During childhood growth
factors stimulate cell
division.
Human growth hormone
(hGH)
Thyroid hormones
Insulin
– Sex steroids at puberty
initiate male and female
characteristics.
Hormonal Abnormalities
Oversecretion of hGH during
childhood produces giantism.
Undersecretion of hGH or the thyroid
hormones during childhood produces
dwarfism.
– The epiphyseal plate closes before
normal height is reached.
Estrogen is responsible for closing
the growth plate.
– Both men and women that lack estrogen
receptors on cells grow taller than
normal.
Aging and Bone Tissue
Demineralization- loss of minerals.
– Very rapid in women 40-45 as estrogen levels
decrease.
– In males, begins after age 60, but is gradual.
Decrease in protein synthesis
– Decrease in growth hormone.
– Decrease in collagen production, which gives bone its
tensile strength, this causes bone to become brittle
and susceptible to fracture.
Cold spots
indicate
– Decreased
metabolism of
decalcified
bone.
– Fracture.
– Bone
infection.
Bone Fractures
 A break in a bone
 Types of bone fractures
 Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not
penetrate the skin
 Open (compound) fracture – broken bone
penetrates through the skin
 Bone fractures are treated by reduction
and immobilization
 Realignment of the bone
Slide 5.16
Types of fractures
Pathology Part 2
Complex
Incomplete
Simple (closed) Compound (open)
Comminuted
Colles’
Greenstick
Impacted
Common Types of Fractures
Common Types of Fractures
Common Types of Fractures
Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.17
Stages in the Healing of a Bone
Fracture
Figure 5.5
Slide 5.19
Skeletal Muscle & Muscle Architecture
Skeletal Muscle & Muscle Architecture
Muscle Shape
Flat
(with an aponeurosis)
Pennate
(“featherlike”)
Fusiform
(spindle-shaped)
Quadrate
(with 4 sides)
Circular
(surrounds an opening)
Architecture of muscle
Architecture of muscle
Strap/flat
Ex : m. sartorius
m. sternocleidomastoideus
Fusiform
Ex : M. biceps brachii
Pennate :
– Unipennate
m. pronator quadratus
– Bipennate
m. rectus femoris
– Multipennate
m. deltoideus
Circular
m. orbicularis oculi
m. orbicularis oris Sphincter
TERIMA KASIH