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Anatomy & Physiology: The Eye A. Accessory structures of the eye Orbital Cavity Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid Zygomatic Lacrimal Palatine Maxilla Bones Optic Foramen Supraorbital Foramen Fat pads A. Accessory structures of the eye Eyebrow Eyelids Conjunctiva A. Accessory structures of the eye Lacrimal Apparatus Lacrimal gland Lacrimal secretion Nasolacrimal duct A. Accessory structures of the eye Extrinsic Eye Muscles Superior rectus Inferior rectus Lateral rectus Medial rectus Inferior oblique Superior oblique B. Structure of the Eye 1. Fibrous Tunic - Sclera & Cornea 2. Vascular Tunic – Choroid, Ciliary body, Lens, Iris, Aqueous humor 3. Nervous (Sensory) Tunic – Retina, Macula lutea, Optic Disc, Vitreous humor 1. Fibrous Tunic Sclera Cornea 2. Vascular Tunic Aqueous Humor Choroid 2. Vascular Tunic Iris Pupil Lens Suspensory Ligament Ciliary Body 3. Nervous Tunic Retina Vitreous Humor Vitreous Humor Macula Lutea Optic Disc Retina Light Optic Nerve Optic Disc Retina Rods Cones Retina: Rods vs. Cones Rods Cones Black & White Green, Red, Blue Dim Light Bright light All over retina Mostly in macula lutea C. Vision Physiology 1. Refraction & Lenses Refraction – bending of light Lenses Concave Focal point Convex R R Real Image C. Vision Physiology 2. Visual focusing Emmetropic Vision – normal vision & requires no accommodation of the lens (20 ft.) C. Vision Physiology 3. Refraction problems a. Myopia – nearsightedness. Eyeball too long. b. Hyperopia – farsightedness. Eyeball too short c. Astigmatism – unequal curvature of lens d. Presbyopia – farsightedness due to age. Lens cannot accommodate. About 45 years. Snellen Eye Chart Astigmatism Chart Emmetropic eye Myopic eye Hyperopic eye Myopic eye Hyperopic eye Stereoscopic Vision and Depth Perception D. Disorders of the Eye 1. Cataracts – hardening & clouding of the lens. 2. Glaucoma – buildup of aqueous humor. 3. Color blindness – sex-linked hereditary condition that results in the absence of one or more types of cones. a. Monochromates – Black & white b. Dichromates – blue/yellow or red/green Color Blind Test Color Blind Test
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