Download Spinal cord

The Nervous System
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Central nervous system (CNS)
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
Communication lines between the
CNS and the rest of the body
Brain and spinal cord
Integrative and control centers
Sensory (afferent) division
Somatic and visceral sensory
nerve fibers
Conducts impulses from
receptors to the CNS
Somatic sensory
fiber
Motor (efferent) division
Motor nerve fibers
Conducts impulses from the CNS
to effectors (muscles and glands)
Somatic nervous
System (SNS)
Somatic motor
(voluntary)
Conducts impulses
from the CNS to
skeletal muscles
Skin
Visceral sensory fiber
Stomach
Skeletal
muscle
Motor fiber of somatic nervous system
Sympathetic division
Mobilizes body
systems during activity;
“fight or flight”
Sympathetic motor fiber of ANS
Structure
Function
Sensory (afferent)
division of PNS
Motor (efferent)
division of PNS
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Parasympathetic motor fiber of ANS
Autonomic nervous
system (ANS)
Visceral motor
(involuntary)
Conducts impulses
from the CNS to
cardiac muscles,
smooth muscles,
and glands
Parasympathetic
division
Conserves energy
Promotes housekeeping functions
during rest
Heart
Bladder
Astrocytes
Capillary
Neuron
Astrocyte
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Microglia
Neuron
Microglial
cell
Ependymal Cells
Fluid-filled cavity
Ependymal
cells
Brain or
spinal cord
tissue
Oligodendrocytes
Myelin sheath
Process of
oligodendrocyte
Nerve
fibers
Satellite Cells and Schwann Cells
Satellite
cells
Cell body of neuron
Schwann cells
(forming myelin sheath)
Nerve fiber
Dendrites
(receptive regions)
Cell body
(biosynthetic center
and receptive region)
Nucleolus
Axon
(impulse generating
and conducting region)
Nucleus
Nissl bodies
Axon hillock
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Impulse
direction
Node of Ranvier
Schwann cell
Neurilemma (one interTerminal
node)
branches
Axon
terminals
(secretory
region)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 11.1 (1 of 3)
Generation of an Action Potential
The big picture
2 Depolarization
Membrane potential (mV)
1 Resting state
3 Repolarization
3
4 Hyperpolarization
2
Action
potential
Threshold
1
4
Time (ms)
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Refractory Period
1
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Neural Pools
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Neural Pools
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Neural Pools
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Brain and Spinal Cord
Meninges
Skin of scalp
Periosteum
Bone of skull
Periosteal
Meningeal Dura Mater
Superior
sagittal sinus
Subdural
space
Subarachnoid
space
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater
Arachnoid villus
Blood vessel
Falx cerebri
(in longitudinal
fissure only)
Spinal Cord
Cervical
enlargement
The spinal cord and its
nerve roots, with the
bony vertebral arches
removed. The dura
mater and arachnoid
mater are cut open and
reflected laterally.
Dura and
arachnoid
mater
Cervical
spinal nerves
Thoracic
spinal nerves
Lumbar enlargement
Conus medullaris
Cauda equina
Filum
terminale
Lumbar
spinal nerves
Sacral
spinal nerves
The Major Regions of the Brain
Cerebral
hemisphere
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain stem
• Midbrain
• Pons
• Medulla
oblongata
Ventricles of the Brain
Lateral ventricle
Septum pellucidum
Anterior horn
Inferior
horn
Lateral
aperture
Anterior view
Posterior
horn
Interventricular
foramen
Median
Third ventricle
aperture
Inferior horn
Lateral
Cerebral aqueduct
aperture
Fourth ventricle
Central canal
Left lateral view
Cerebral Hemispheres
Precentral gyrus
Frontal lobe
Central
sulcus
Postcentral
gyrus
Parietal lobe
Parieto-occipital sulcus
(on medial surface
of hemisphere)
Lateral sulcus
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Transverse cerebral fissure
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Fissure
(a deep
sulcus)
Gyrus
Cortex (gray matter)
Sulcus
White matter
Cerebral Hemispheres
Frontal lobe
Gyri of insula
Temporal lobe
(pulled down)
Central
sulcus
Cerebral Hemispheres
Anterior
Longitudinal
fissure
Frontal lobe
Cerebral veins
and arteries
covered by
arachnoid
mater
Parietal
lobe
Right cerebral
hemisphere
Occipital
lobe
Left cerebral
hemisphere
Posterior
Functional Areas of the Cerebral
Cortex
Motor areas
Central sulcus
Primary motor cortex
Premotor cortex
Frontal eye field
Broca’s area
(outlined by dashes)
Prefrontal cortex
Working memory
for spatial tasks
Executive area for
task management
Working memory for
object-recall tasks
Solving complex,
multitask problems
(a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere
Motor association cortex
Primary sensory cortex
Primary motor cortex
Sensory association cortex
Multimodal association cortex
Sensory areas and related
association areas
Primary somatosensory
cortex
Somatic
Somatosensory
sensation
association cortex
Gustatory cortex
(in insula)
Taste
Wernicke’s area
(outlined by dashes)
Primary visual
cortex
Visual
association
area
Auditory
association area
Primary
auditory cortex
Vision
Hearing
Hemispheric Lateralization
Premotor cortex
Corpus
callosum
Cingulate
gyrus
Primary
motor cortex
Frontal eye field
Prefrontal
cortex
Processes emotions
related to personal
and social interactions
Orbitofrontal
cortex
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Fornix
Temporal lobe
(b) Parasagittal view, right hemisphere
Uncus
Primary
olfactory cortex
Motor association cortex
Primary sensory cortex
Primary motor cortex
Sensory association cortex
Multimodal association cortex
Central sulcus
Primary somatosensory
cortex
Parietal lobe
Somatosensory
association cortex
Parieto-occipital
sulcus
Occipital
lobe
Visual
association
area
Primary
visual cortex
Calcarine sulcus
Parahippocampal
gyrus
Diencephalon
Cerebral hemisphere
Septum pellucidum
Interthalamic
adhesion
(intermediate
mass of
thalamus)
Interventricular
foramen
Anterior
commissure
Hypothalamus
Optic chiasma
Pituitary gland
Mammillary body
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Corpus callosum
Fornix
Choroid plexus
Thalamus
(encloses third
ventricle)
Posterior commissure
Pineal gland
(part of epithalamus)
Corpora
quadrigemina MidCerebral
brain
aqueduct
Arbor vitae (of
cerebellum)
Fourth ventricle
Choroid plexus
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Figure 12.12
Brain Stem
Frontal lobe
Olfactory bulb
(synapse point of
cranial nerve I)
Optic chiasma
Optic nerve (II)
Optic tract
Mammillary body
Midbrain
Pons
Temporal lobe
Medulla
oblongata
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Brain Stem
View (a)
Optic chiasma
Optic nerve (II)
Crus cerebri of
cerebral peduncles
(midbrain)
Diencephalon
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
Mammillary body
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Diencephalon
Midbrain
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Pons
Facial nerve (VII)
Middle cerebellar
peduncle
Abducens nerve (VI)
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (VIII)
Pyramid
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Vagus nerve (X)
Ventral root of first
cervical nerve
Decussation of pyramids
Accessory nerve (XI)
Spinal cord
Ventral view
Brainstem
Brain Stem
Thalamus
View (c)
Diencephalon
Midbrain
• Superior
Corpora
colliculus quadrigemina
• Inferior
of tectum
colliculus
• Trochlear nerve (IV)
• Superior cerebellar peduncle
Pons
• Middle cerebellar peduncle
Medulla oblongata
• Inferior cerebellar peduncle
• Facial nerve (VII)
• Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
• Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
• Vagus nerve (X)
• Accessory nerve (XI)
Pineal gland
Anterior wall of
fourth ventricle
Choroid plexus
(fourth ventricle)
Dorsal median sulcus
Thalamus
Dorsal root of
first cervical nerve
Hypothalamus
Diencephalon
Midbrain
Pons
Dorsal view
Medulla
oblongata
Brainstem