Download Human Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy & Physiology
Basic structure: cells, tissues, organs
Body planes, directions, & cavities
Integumentary system
Basic Structure of the Human Body
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ System
ORGANISM
Animal structure has a hierarchy
A. CELLULAR LEVEL:
Muscle cell
B. TISSUE LEVEL:
Muscle tissue
C. ORGAN LEVEL:
Heart
D. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL:
Circulatory system
E. ORGANISM LEVEL:
Many organ systems
functioning together
The Cell
•
•
•
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
– Nucleus
• Nucleolus
• Chromatin
– Ribosomes (free; bound)
– Centrosome
• Centrioles
– Mitochondria
– Golgi apparatus
– Endoplasmic reticulum
– Lysosomes
– Vesicles
• Pinocytosis
• Phagocytosis
» See next slide
Cell Reproduction
• 2 types of cells in our body:
• Regular body cells (somatic cells) -------- 46 chromosomes
• Sex cell (gametes) ---------------------------- 23 chromosomes
• Mitosis = process of cell reproduction for body cells
• Get identical cells; thus same as cloning & asexual reproduction
• Meiosis = process of cell reproduction for sex cells
• Do not get identical cells; thus get variation
Mitosis
• Key: first
chromosomes replicate
& become chromatids
– DNA
– Chromatin
– Chromosomes
• Then : (PMAT)
– Prophase
– Metaphase
– Anaphase
– Telophase
Meiosis, Fertilization, Stem Cells
Tissues
•
•
Tissue =when cells work together for a common purpose
4 types
1. Epithelial --- lines body surfaces
2. Connective ---connects & supports things
3. Muscle ---- moves & protects
4. Nerve ------ control & communicate
Systems of the Body
•
11 organ systems
1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Circulatory
6. Lymphatic
7. Respiratory
8. Digestive
9. Urinary
10. Endocrine
11. Reproductive
• The integumentary system :
– Covers and protects the body
– Regulates body temp
– Makes vitamin D
Hair
Cartilage
Skin
• The skeletal system:
– Supports and protects the body
– Moves the body
– Makes blood cells
Nails
Bones
• The muscular system:
– Produces movement
– Enables body
posture
– Produces body
heat
Skeletal
muscles
• The endocrine and nervous systems:
– control, regulate, and coordinate body functions
Pineal gland
Brain
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Sense
organ
Thymus gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Spinal
cord
Nerves
Testis (male)
Ovary
(female)
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
• The lymphatic (immune) system
• The circulatory system:
– Protects the body
– Carries tissue fluid & wastes to
blood
– transports the food and oxygen
Bone
marrow
Thymus
Heart
Spleen
Lymph
nodes
Blood
vessels
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
Lymph
vessels
LYMPHATIC AND
IMMUNE SYSTEMS
• The digestive system:
– Digests & absorbs food
– Eliminates wastes
Mouth
• The respiratory system
– Exchanges oxygen for
carbon dioxide
Larynx
Trachea
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Bronchus
Lung
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Anus
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
• The urinary system:
– Disposes of certain wastes
– Keeps body in fluid & chemical balance
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
• The reproductive system:
– perpetuates the species
MALE
Penis
FEMALE
Seminal
vesicles
Ovary
Oviduct
Prostate gland
Uterus
Vas
deferens
Vagina
Urethra
G. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
Testis
Figure 20.9G
Body planes, directions, & cavities
Body Planes: sagittal, coronal (frontal), & transverse
Body Directions
proximal/distal
lateral /medial
cephalic/ caudal
superior/ inferior
superficial/ deep
anterior/ posterior
ventral/ dorsal
Body
Cavities
Areas of the abdomen
Figure 1-8
• Quadrants
• Regions
Integumentary System
• Anatomy
– 3 layers
• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Subcutaneous
layer
– Hypodermis
 Physiology
- Protection
- Excretion of waste
- Synthesis of Vitamin D
- Sensation
- Body temperature
regulation
Cutaneous membrane
Figure 7-1
Glands
• Sebaceous glands
(oil)
• Sudoriferous glands
•Eccrine
•Apocrine
Figure 7-4