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Anatomy 101- Bones What do bones do? • Protect vital organs • Support the body • Allow the body to move through muscle and tendon attachment. • Provide attachment points for ligaments • Store important minerals such as calcium • Produce red blood cells which transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from tissues. Types of Bones • Flat bonesexamples are the scapula (shoulder blade) and sternum (breast bone) Types of Bones • Irregular bonesexamples are the talus (ankle bone) and the vertebrae (spinal bones) Types of Bones • Long bonesexamples are the femur (upper thigh bone) and the ulna (one of the arm bones). Types of Bones • Short bonesexample are the tarsals (small bones of the foot) Types of Bones • Sesamoid bonesan example would be the patella, where the bone floats around freely. Group Activity • On a sheet of paper, list as many bones as you can think of in the human body. • Take a guess. How many bones are there in the human skeleton? Bone Trivia • How many bones are there in a human adult skeleton? – 206 – More than half of the 206 bones are in the hands and feet. • How many bones are there in an infants skeleton? – 350 – Bones fuse together as you grow Bones of the Skull • The skull is made up of 28 bones. • 22 form the framework for the head and provide protection for the brain, eyes, and ears. Bones of the Skull • Light Blue= Frontal Bone (front) • Pink= Parietal Bone (upper sides) • Orange= Temporal Bone (lower sides) • Green= Occipital Bone (bottom) Bones of the Face • Purple= mandible (lower jaw bone) • Dark Blue = maxilla (upper jaw bone) Spinal Column • The spinal column is made up of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, and the sacrum. Cervical Vertebrae • There are 7 cervical vertebrae labeled C1-C7. • C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) are responsible for the head nodding “no”. • C3-C7 are responsible for the head nodding “yes”. • C4 no more, C5 still alive- diaphram Thoracic Vertebrae • There are 12 thoracic vertebrae labeled T1-T12. • They increase in size as they move down the spine (Ex: T1 and T2 are smaller than T10 and T11). • All thoracic vertebrae have facets (small grooves) on the sides of their bodies for attachment of the ribs. Lumbar Vertebrae • There are 5 lumbar vertebrae labeled L1-L5. • Lumbar vertebrae are most frequently involved in back pain. • They carry the most amount of body weight. • Are subject to the largest forces and stresses along the spine. Sacrum and Coccyx • The sacrum is a large triangular bone at the base of the spine. • It connects to the L5 vertebrae and ends with the coccyx (tailbone). Sacrum and Coccyx • The sacrum is labeled S1. • The coccyx (tailbone) is the final piece of the vertebral column. More Bone Trivia • What is the longest bone in the body? – Femur. It is almost one quarter of the bodies total height. • What is the smallest bone in the body? – The stirrup deep inside the ear. It is hardly larger than a grain of rice. Sternum and Rib Cage • The sternum (breastbone) is a long flat bone located in the center of the chest. • The sternum is connected to the ribs with cartilage. Sternum and Rib Cage • The ribcage is made up of 12 ribs. • The first 7 ribs are connected to the sternum and are called true ribs. • The 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs attach in front to the cartilage portion of the next rib above, and are called false ribs. • The 11th and 12th ribs are not attached in front and are called floating ribs. The Shoulder Complex • The shoulder complex is made up of the clavicle (collar bone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) Clavicle • The clavicle (a.k.a. collar bone) is a long bone that makes up part of the shoulder girdle. • This bone is clearly visible through the skin. • The clavicle is the easiest bone in the body to break. Scapula • The scapula (a.k.a. shoulder blade) is the bone that connects the humerus and the clavicle. • It is a flat bone and triangular in shape. Humerus • The humerus is a long bone in the arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. • Fits between the scapula and the ulna. • Called funny bone Forearm Bones • The radius is one of two bones in the forearm. • Extends on the lateral side (outside or thumb side) of the forearm between the elbow and wrist. Forearm Bones • The ulna is the stronger and larger of the two forearm bones. • Extends on the medial side (inside or pinky finger side) of the forearm between the elbow and wrist. Wrist and Hand Bones • The 8 bones that make up the wrist are called the carpals. • • • • • • • • Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate Finger Bones • The fingers are made up of 5 metacarpals and 14 phalanges. Pelvis (Hip Bone) • The 3 bones of the pelvis are the illium, ischium, pubis. • The pelvis provides the socket for the hip joint. Bone Trivia • What is the hardest bone in the body to break? –Femur. Usually broken in car accidents or a fall from somewhere high. Thigh and Leg Bones • The femur (thigh bone) is the longest and strongest bone in the body. • It forms part of the hip and part of the knee. Patella • The patella (knee cap) is a thick triangular shaped seasamoid bone. • It sits in front of the femur and protects the front of the knee joint. Tibia • The tibia (or shin bone) is the larger of the two lower leg bones. • It is the second longest bone in the body. • Extends between the femur and the ankle on the medial side of the body. Fibula • The fibula extends below the tibia to the ankle on the lateral side. • It is the skinniest of all long bones in the body. Foot Bones • The tarsals are a group of bones that make up the top of the foot. Foot Bones • • • • • 1= Calcaneus 2= Talus 3= Navicular 4=Medial Cuneiform 5= Intermediate Cuneiform • 6= Lateral Cuneiform • 7= Cuboid Foot Bones • The rest of the foot and toes are made up of 5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges. Ready for muscles??? Anatomy 101- Muscles Skeletal Muscles • Skeletal muscle is a type of striated muscle that is attached to bones. • Skeletal muscles are used to create movement by applying force to bones and joints. How Many Muscles Are There In The Body? • There are just shy of 700 skeletal muscles in the body. • That includes about 400 that nobody cares about, except specialists Types of Movement • • • • • Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Rotation – Internal rotation – External rotation • • • • • • Inversion Eversion Dorsi flexion Plantar flexion Supination Pronation Bet You Didn’t Know • Too much botox injected into the frontalis muscle leads to drooping eyebrows. • When someone is unable to close their eyes doctors will sew in tiny gold weights into each eyelid. • Eye muscles are the busiest muscles in the body. They move more than 100,000 times a day. Neck Muscles • The neck can move in 4 different ways: – Flexion – Extension – Lateral Flexion – Rotation Neck Muscles • Sternocleidomastoid • Muscle is responsible for tilting the head laterally, rotating the head, and pulling the back of the head downward. Back Muscles • The trapezius is a large superficial muscle of the back. • The trapezius attaches at the neck, the two shoulders, and down to the 12th thoracic vertebrae. Back Muscles • The latissimus dorsi is a large flat muscle of the back. • The lats cover the lumbar region of the back and the lower half of the thoracic region. Back Muscles • The rhomboid major muscle is a muscle on the back that connects the scapula with the vertebrae of the spinal column. Back Muscles • The erector spinae muscle is a group of muscles in the back. • Supports the entire upper body. Chest Muscles • Pectoralis majorlocated on the front of the ribcage. • Attaches to the humerus near the shoulder joint and to the sternum in the center of the chest. Chest Muscles • Pectoralis minor- is located underneath the pectoralis major. • It attaches to the scapula and the middle ribs. Abdominal Muscles • Rectus Abdominus- (abs) are long flat muscles that run vertically on both sides of the abdomen. • They are two parallel muscles separated by connective tissue. Abdominal Muscles • Internal Oblique- the middle muscle of the stomach that lays just underneath the external oblique. Abdominal Muscles • External Oblique- is the largest and most superficial of the three stomach muscles. Shoulder Muscles • Deltoid- forms the round contour of the shoulder. • The deltoid assists in shoulder abduction, flexion, and extension. Shoulder Muscles • Rotator cuff muscles- four muscles responsible for stabilizing the shoulder joint as well as elevating and rotating the arm. Shoulder Muscles • • • • • S.I.T.S Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis Arm Muscles • There are 4 muscles responsible for flexion of the arm. – – – – Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis Pronator teres Arm Muscles Arm Muscles • There are 2 muscles responsible for extension of the arm. – Triceps brachii – anconeus Arm Muscles Forearm Muscles • Muscles responsible for flexion of the hand: • Also known as the Wrist Flexors: – – – – – – Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Palamaris longus Flexor carpi radiali Forearm Muscles • Muscles responsible for extension of the hand: • Also known as the Wrist Extensors: – – – – – – – – Extensor indicis Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digiti minimi Extensor digitorum Muscle Trivia • What is the largest muscle in the body? – Gluteus Maximus • What is the smallest muscle in the body? – Stapedius- 1/20th of an inch long – Found in the inner ear • What is the longest muscle in the body? – Sartorius – Runs from the hip to the knee Muscles of the Gluteal Region • • • • Gluteus Maximus Gluteus Medius Gluteus Minimus Gluteal muscles are responsible for external rotation and extension of the hip joint. Hip and Thigh Muscles • Also named by the region and the function of the muscle - Hip Flexors- muscles acting on the anterior hip/thigh, responsible for hip flexion Example: Psoas major -Hip adductors (Groin)- muscles acting on the medial hip/thigh, responsible for hip adduction Example: Adductor Longus, Gracilis -Hip abductors- muscles acting on the lateral hip/thigh, responsible for hip abduction Example: Tensor Fascia Latae, IT Band Quadriceps • Muscles responsible for knee extension. • Rectus femoris • Vastus lateralis • Vastus intermedius • Vastus medialis Hamstrings • Muscles responsible for knee flexion. • Semimembranosus • Semitendinosus • Biceps Femoris Muscles of the Anterior/Lateral Leg • Tibialis Anterior – Dorsiflexion and inversion of ankle • Peroneous Longus – Eversion and plantarflexion of ankle Muscles of the Posterior Leg • Gastrocnemiussuperficial calf muscle • Soleus- deep to gastrocnemius • Tibialis Posteriorassoc. with shin splints Quick Write 1. List as many muscle as you can that we have talked about so far. 2. Describe an experience you have had with a muscle. – Example: muscle strain, muscle cramps, muscle soreness, etc.