Download Knee joint - El Camino College

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Leslie Hendon,
University of Alabama,
Birmingham
9
HUMAN
ANATOMY
Part 5
Joints
fifth edition
MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Selected Synovial Joints

Shoulder (Glenohumeral) joint
 The most freely movable joint lacks stability
 Articular capsule is thin and loose
 Muscle tendons contribute to joint stability
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Glenohumeral Joint
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Figure 9.8a
Glenohumeral Joint

The rotator cuff is made up of four muscles and
their associated tendons
 Subscapularis
 Supraspinatus
 Infraspinatus
 Teres minor

Rotator cuff injuries are common shoulder injuries
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The shoulder joint
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Figure 9.8b, c
The Shoulder Joint
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Figure 9.8d, e
Selected Synovial Joints

Elbow joint
 Allows flexion and extension
 The humerus’ articulation with the trochlear notch
of the ulna forms the hinge
 Tendons of biceps and triceps brachii provide
stability
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Elbow Joint
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Figure 9.9a, b
Elbow Joint
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Figure 9.9c, d
Wrist Joint


Stabilized by numerous ligaments
Composed of radiocarpal and intercarpal joint
 Radiocarpal joint – joint between the radius and
proximal carpals (the scaphoid and lunate)
 Allows for flexion, extension, adduction, abduction,
and circumduction
 Intercarpal joint – joint between the proximal and
distal rows or carpals
 Allows for gliding movement
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Wrist Joint
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Figure 9.10a
Wrist Joint
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Figure 9.10b
Wrist Joint
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Figure 9.10c
Selected Synovial Joints

Hip joint
 A ball-and-socket structure
 Movements occur in all axes
 Limited by ligaments and acetabulum
 Head of femur articulates with acetabulum
 Stability comes chiefly from acetabulum and
capsular ligaments
 Muscle tendons contribute somewhat to stability
PLAY
Movement at the hip joint: An overview
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Frontal Section and Anterior View of the Hip Joint
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Figure 9.11a, b
Posterior View of the Hip Joint
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Figure 9.11c, d
Selected Synovial Joints

Knee joint
 The largest and most complex joint
 Primarily acts as a hinge joint
 Has some capacity for rotation when leg is flexed
 Structurally considered compound and bicondyloid
 Two fibrocartilage menisci occur within the joint
cavity
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Sagittal Section and Superior View of Knee Joint
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Figure 9.12a
Sagittal Section and Superior View of Knee Joint
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Figure 9.12b
Knee Joint

Capsule of knee joint
 Covers posterior and lateral aspects of the knee
 Covers tibial and femoral condyles
 Does not cover the anterior aspect of the knee
 Anteriorly covered by three ligaments
 Patellar, medial, and lateral retinacula
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Anterior View of Knee
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Figure 9.12c
Knee Joint

Ligaments of the knee joint
 Become taut when knee is extended
 These extracapsular ligaments are
 Fibular and tibial collateral ligament
 Oblique popliteal ligament
 Arcuate popliteal ligament
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Posterior View of Knee Joint
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Figure 9.12d
Knee Joint

Intracapsular ligaments
 Cruciate ligaments
 Cross each other like an “X”
 Each cruciate ligament runs from the proximal tibia
to the distal femur
 Anterior cruciate ligament
 Posterior cruciate ligament
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Anterior View of Flexed Knee
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Figure 9.12e, f
Knee Joint

Cruciate ligaments
 Prevent
undesirable
movements at the
knee joint
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Figure 9.13a
Selected Synovial Joint

Ankle Joint
 A hinge joint between
 United inferior ends of tibia and fibula
 The talus of the foot
 Allows the movements
 Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion only
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The Ankle Joint
 Medially and laterally stabilized by ligaments
 Medial (deltoid) ligament
 Lateral ligament
 Inferior ends of tibia and fibula are joined by
ligaments
 Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
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The Ankle Joint
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Figure 9.15a
Ligaments of the Ankle Joint
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Figure 9.15b
Ligaments of the Ankle Joint
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Figure 9.15c
Ligaments of the Ankle Joint
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Figure 9.15d
Selected Synovial Joints

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
 Lies anterior to the ear
 Head of the mandible articulates with the
mandibular fossa
 Two surfaces of the articular disc allow two kinds
of movement
 Hinge-like movement
 Superior surface of disc glides anteriorly
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The Temporomandibular Joint
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Figure 9.16a, b
Selected Synovial Joints

Sternoclavicular Joint
 Is a saddle joint
 Muscles and ligaments contribute to joint stability
 Unique joint shape allows for multiple complex
movements
 Another example of a saddle joint
 Joint between trapezium and metacarpal 1
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Sternoclavicular Joint
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Figure 9.17a
Sternoclavicular Joint
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Figure 9.17b
Disorders of Joints



Structure of joints makes them prone to traumatic
stress
Function of joints makes them subject to friction
and wear
Affected by inflammatory and degenerative
processes
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Joint Injuries



Sprains – ligaments of a reinforcing joint are
stretched or torn
Dislocation – occurs when the bones of a joint are
forced out of alignment
Torn cartilage – common injury to meniscus of
knee joint
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Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions


Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa do to injury or
friction
Tendonitis – inflammation of a tendon sheath
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Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions

Arthritis – describes over 100 kinds of jointdamaging diseases
 Osteoarthritis – most common type “wear and

tear” arthritis
 Rheumatoid arthritis – a chronic inflammatory
disorder
 Gouty arthritis (gout) – uric acid build-up causes
pain in joints
Lyme disease – inflammatory disease often
resulting in joint pain
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The Joints Throughout Life


Synovial joints develop from mesenchyme
By week 8 of fetal development, joints resemble
adult joints
 Outer region of mesenchyme becomes fibrous joint
capsule
 Inner region becomes the joint cavity
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The Joints Throughout Life



During youth – injury may tear an epiphysis off a
bone shaft
Advancing age – osteoarthritis becomes more
common
Exercise – helps maintain joint health
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