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EXERCISE 17: BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES http://www.vision.caltech.edu/feifeili/101_ObjectCategories/brain/image_0026.jpg Figure 17-1 Embryonic development of the human brain. Neural tube (contains neural canal) Primary brain vesicles Anterior (rostral) Secondary brain vesicles Adult brain structures Cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei) Lateral ventricles Prosencephalon (forebrain) Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus), retina Third ventricle Mesencephalon (midbrain) Brain stem: midbrain Cerebral aqueduct Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) Brain stem: pons Cerebellum Posterior (caudal) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Adult neural canal regions Fourth ventricle Brain stem: medulla oblongata Spinal cord Central canal FOREBRAIN MIDBRAIN HINDBRAIN © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17-2a External features of the cerebral hemispheres. Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Precentral gyrus Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Transverse cerebral fissure Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Gyrus Cortex (gray matter) Sulcus White matter Fissure (a deep sulcus) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17-2b External features of the cerebral hemispheres. Anterior Frontal lobe Longitudinal fissure Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Posterior © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17-2c External features of the cerebral hemispheres. Frontal lobe Longitudinal fissure Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Parietal lobe Occipital lobe © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17-2d External features of the cerebral hemispheres. Motor areas Primary motor cortex Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas Primary somatosensory cortex Somatosesory association cortex Somatic sensation Taste Prefrontal cortex Vision Hearing © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17-3 Ventral (inferior) aspect of the human brain, showing the three regions of the brain stem. (2 of 3) Pituitary gland Frontal lobe Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Optic chiasma Optic nerve Optic tract Midbrain Pons Temporal lobe Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Spinal cord Cerebral peduncle of midbrain © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17-3 Ventral (inferior) aspect of the human brain, showing the three regions of the brain stem. (3 of 3) Frontal lobe Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Optic chiasma Optic nerve Optic tract Midbrain Pons Temporal lobe Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Spinal cord © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17-4a Diencephalon and brain stem structures as seen in a sagittal section of the brain. Lateral ventricle Thalamus Corpus callosum Pineal gland Superior colliculi Inferior colliculi Hypothalamus Corpora quadrigemina Arbor vitae Optic chiasma Cerebellum Fourth ventricle Pons Medulla oblongata © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17-4b Diencephalon and brain stem structures as seen in a sagittal section of the brain. Cerebral hemisphere Corpus callosum Choroid plexus Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Pineal gland Corpora quadrigemina Cerebral aqueduct Hypothalamus Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Arbor vitae (of cerebellum) Fourth ventricle Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Midbrain Choroid plexus Cerebellum Figure 17-5b Basal nuclei. Anterior Cerebral cortex Cerebral white matter Corpus callosum Anterior horn of lateral ventricle Thalamus Third ventricle Inferior horn of lateral ventricle Posterior © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. CEREBRUM Transverse Fissure © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ON FRONTAL LOBE Primary motor area © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ON PARIETAL LOBE Primary somatosensory area Cortex (superficial) is gray matter White matter is deeper © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. DIENCEPHALON= thalamus + hypothalamus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Endocrine Attachments Pineal Gland © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. MENINGES Same setup as spinal cord— Dura mater most superficial, Arachnoid, Pia mater closest to brain © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. • Mesencephalic or CEREBRAL aqueduct © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. CHOROID PLEXUSES Specialized capillaries in ventricles Produce CSF—Circulates from here to central canal (s. cord) & around outside of brain/cord too © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. MIDBRAIN CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. HINDBRAIN © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. HINDBRAIN-cerebellum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Sensory Nerve Attachments Optic nerves: to eyes Optic chiasm: cross Optic tracts: to brain © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. CRANIAL NERVES 12 pairs Connect to brain: CN I cerebrum CN II thalamus CN III-XII brain stem Nerve names: OOOTTAFVGVAH Nerve functions: S S M M B M B S B B M M © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Brain Overload!! • Oh, Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly… Or – Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Good VIOLINS, AH! • Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big BROWNIES Matter Most © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. CN I: OLFACTORY • • • • • SENSORY Smell From olfactory epithelium Olfactory nerve-bulb-tract (Cribriform foramina of ethmoid) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-21 CN II: OPTIC • • • • SENSORY From retina Optic nerve-chiasm-tract (Optic canal-sphenoid) 14-22 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. CN III: OCULOMOTOR • Mostly MOTOR • To eye muscles • (superior orbital fissures-sphenoid) 14-22 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. CN IV: TROCHLEAR • Mostly MOTOR • To superior oblique eye muscles • (superior orbital fissures-sphenoid) 14-22 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. CN V: TRIGEMINAL • Mixed (sensory and motor) • Ophthalmic Branch – Sensory-orbital, upper face structures • Maxillary Branch – Sensory-lower face structures • Mandibular Branch – Mixed-mouth © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-24 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. CN VI: ABDUCENS • Mostly motor • To lateral rectus eye muscles • (superior orbital fissure) 14-23 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. CN VII: FACIAL • Mixed • To parts of face • Expressions, tear/salivary glands 14-25 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. CN VIII: VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR • Sensory, from inner ear • Vestibular branch – Balance, equilibrium • Cochlear branch – Hearing 14-26 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. CN IX: GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL • Mixed to head and neck • Sensory: posterior tongue • Motor: pharyngeal muscles (swallowing), salivary gland 14-27 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. CN X: VAGUS • Mixed to visceral organs, larynx, pharynx • Sensory: ear, diaphragm, organs • Motor: pharynx, digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular systems 14-28 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. CN XI: ACCESSORY • Mostly motor • To muscles of neck, upper back • Cranial root – Fibers originate in medulla • Spinal root – Some motor fibers originate in spinal cord • Join at foramen magnum 14-29 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. CN XII: HYPOGLOSSAL • Mostly motor • To tongue muscles 14-29 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. • Sheep Brain Dissection! – Gloves, Scalpel, forceps (tweezers), scissors – We have goggles for you © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17-11a-b Intact sheep brain. Ventral Olfactory bulb Cerebrum Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Optic nerve (II) Infundibulum (stalk of pituitary gland) Infundibulum Mammillary body Optic tract Cerebral peduncle Oculomotor nerve (III) Mammillary body Optic nerve (II) Optic chiasma Trigeminal nerve (V) Trochlear nerve (IV) Cerebral peduncle Pons Abducens nerve (VI) Pons Cerebellum Facial nerve (VII) Trigeminal nerve (V) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Abducens nerve (VI) Vagus nerve (X) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Spinal root of the accessory nerve (XI) Medulla oblongata Medulla oblongata © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17-11c-d Intact sheep brain. Dorsal Olfactory bulb Cerebrum Cerebrum Cerebellum Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17-11a Intact sheep brain. Ventral Olfactory bulb Optic nerve (II) Infundibulum Mammillary body Cerebral peduncle Pons Trigeminal nerve (V) Abducens nerve (VI) Medulla oblongata © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17-11b Intact sheep brain. Olfactory bulb Cerebrum Olfactory tract Optic nerve (II) Infundibulum (stalk of pituitary gland) Optic chiasma Mammillary body Optic tract Cerebral peduncle Oculomotor nerve (III) Trigeminal nerve (V) Trochlear nerve (IV) Pons Abducens nerve (VI) Cerebellum Facial nerve (VII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Vagus nerve (X) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Spinal root of the accessory nerve (XI) Medulla oblongata © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17-11c Intact sheep brain. Olfactory bulb Cerebrum Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17-11d Intact sheep brain. Dorsal Cerebrum Cerebellum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17-12 Means of exposing the dorsal midbrain structures of the sheep brain. Occipital lobe of cerebral hemisphered Pineal gland Superior colliculi of corpora quadrigemina Inferior colliculi of corpora quadrigemina Cerebellum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17-13 Photograph of sagittal section of the sheep brain showing internal structures. Cerebral hemisphere Corpus callosum Parietal lobe Cerebellum Frontal lobe of cerebrum Pineal gland Fornix Arbor vitae Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Corpora quadrigemina Fourth ventricle Cerebral peduncle Medulla oblongata Optic chiasma Pons © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17-14 Coronal section of a sheep brain. Third ventricle Fornix Caudate nucleus Lateral ventricle Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Thalamic nuclei Third ventricle © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Hypothalamus Table 17-1 The Cranial Nerves (see Figure 17.9) (1 of 4) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 17-1 The Cranial Nerves (see Figure 17.9) (2 of 4) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 17-1 The Cranial Nerves (see Figure 17.9) (3 of 4) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 17-1 The Cranial Nerves (see Figure 17.9) (4 of 4) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Review Figure 17-1 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Review Figure 17-2 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Review Figure 17-3 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Review Figure 17-4 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Sheep Brain Dissection • Safety First! – Sharps: blades and blade holders – Goggles – Gloves – Biohazard waste disposal • No tissue down the drain! • Gloves also – Cleaning the dissection trays & your instruments Sheep Brain Dissection • http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/brain/brshpx.ht m Sheep Brain • • Dura mater, pia mater Lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) Superficial • • • • Pituitary gland Olfactory bulbs Optic nerves, optic chiasm, optic tract Oculomotor nerve Superficial Sheep Brain • • • • • • • • • • • • Cerebral cortex (gray matter) Cerebral white matter Corpus callosum 4th ventricle Thalamus Hypothalamus Pineal gland Superior colliculi Inferior colliculi Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum (arbor vitae, cerebellar cortex) Longitudinal section Sheep Brain • Lateral ventricles Transverse section Sheep Brain • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Dura mater, pia mater Pituitary gland Superficial Olfactory bulbs Optic nerves, optic chiasm, optic tract Oculomotor nerve Cerebral cortex (gray matter) Cerebral white matter Corpus callosum Lateral, third, 4th ventricles Thalamus Hypothalamus Longitudinal section & Transverse section Pineal gland Superior colliculi Inferior colliculi Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum (arbor vitae, cerebellar cortex) Figure 17-6a Cerebellum. Anterior lobe Primary fissure Posterior lobe Horizontal fissure Vermis Figure 17-6b Cerebellum. Brain stem (midbrain) Cerebellar cortex Arbor vitae Deep cerebellar nuclei Caudal (inferior) Vermis (cut) Figure 17-7a Meninges of the brain. Skin of scalp Periosteum Bone of skull Periosteal Meningeal Superior sagittal sinus Subdural space Subarachnoid space Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Arachnoid villus Blood vessel Falx cerebri (in longitudinal fissure only) Figure 17-7b Meninges of the brain. Superior sagittal sinus Falx cerebri Straight sinus Crista galli of the ethmoid bone Pituitary gland Tentorium cerebelli Falx cerebelli Figure 17-7c Meninges of the brain. Superior sagittal sinus Parietal bone Falx cerebri Scalp Occipital lobe Tentorium cerebelli Falx cerebelli Cerebellum Arachnoid mater over medulla oblongata Dura mater Transverse sinus Temporal bone Figure 17-8a Location and circulatory pattern of cerebrospinal fluid. Lateral ventricle Anterior horn Septum pellucidum Interventricular foramen Inferior horn Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle Central canal Anterior view Figure 17-8b Location and circulatory pattern of cerebrospinal fluid. Lateral ventricle Inferior horn Anterior horn Posterior horn Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Median aperture Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Lateral aperture Central canal Left lateral view Figure 17-8c Location and circulatory pattern of cerebrospinal fluid. Arachnoid villus Superior sagittal sinus Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Choroid plexus Meningeal dura mater Interventricular foramen Periosteal dura mater Right lateral ventricle (deep to cut) Third ventricle Tentorium cerebelli Cerebral aqueduct Lateral aperture Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Fourth ventricle Median aperture Spinal dura mater Central canal of spinal cord Inferior end of spinal cord Figure 17-9 Ventral aspect of the human brain, showing the cranial nerves. Frontal lobe Filaments of olfactory nerve (I) Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Temporal lobe Optic nerve (II) Optic chiasma Infundibulum Facial nerve (VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Optic tract Oculomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) Trigeminal nerve (V) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Abducens nerve (VI) Vagus nerve (X) Cerebellum Accessory nerve (XI) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Medulla oblongata Figure 17-10 Photograph of lateral aspect of the human brain. Left cerebral hemisphere Brain stem Transverse cerebral fissure Cerebellum
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