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Faulkner State Community College
Bio 201:
Anatomy & Physiology Part 1
Chapter 7
Tim Pimperl
Biology Instructor
1
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2
7.6: Skull
• Is composed of the cranium (brain case) and the
facial bones
3
Cranium
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• Frontal Bone (1)
• Forehead
• Roof of nasal cavity
• Roofs of orbits
• Frontal sinuses
• Supraorbital foramen
• Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Coronal suture
Lacrimal bone
Ethmoid bone
Squamous suture
Supraorbital foramen
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Perpendicular plate
of the ethmoid bone
Infraorbital foramen
Vomer bone
Nasal bone
Sphenoid bone
Middle nasal concha
of the ethmoid bone
Zygomatic bone
Inferior nasal concha
Maxilla
Mandible
Mental foramen
4
Cranium
• Parietal Bones (2)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Side walls of cranium
• Roof of cranium Parietal bone
• Sagittal suture
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone
Lambdoid suture
Ethmoid bone
Occipital bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic bone
External acoustic meatus
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
Mastoid process
Maxilla
Mandibular condyle
Styloid process
Mental foramen
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Mandible
Coronoid process
5
Cranium
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Occipital Bone (1)
• Back of skull
• Base of cranium
• Foramen magnum
• Occipital condyles
• Lambdoidal suture
Incisive foramen
Palatine process of maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Zygomatic arch
Median palatine suture
Palatine bone
Greater palatine foramen
Vomer bone
Foramen lacerum
Mandibular fossa
Styloid process
External acoustic meatus
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Carotid canal
Jugular foramen
Stylomastoid foramen
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum
Mastoid foramen
Lambdoid suture
Temporal bone
Condylar canal
Occipital bone
6
Cranium
• Temporal Bones (2)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Side walls of cranium
• Floor of cranium
• Floors and sides of orbits
• Squamous suture
• External acoustic meatus
Temporal bone
• Mandibular fossa
• Mastoid process
• Styloid process
• Zygomatic process
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone
Lambdoid suture
Ethmoid bone
Occipital bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
External acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Maxilla
Mandibular condyle
Styloid process
Mental foramen
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Mandible
Coronoid process
7
Cranium
• Sphenoid Bone (1)
• Base of cranium
• Sides of skull
• Floors and sides
of orbits
• Sella turcica
• Sphenoid sinuses
Lesser wing
Optic canal
Greater
wing
Foramen rotundum
Foramen spinosum
(a)
Sella turcica
Foramen ovale
Transverse section
Lesser wing
Greater wing
Superior
orbital fissure
Foramen
rotundum
Lateral pterygoid plate
(b)
Medial pterygoid plate
8
Cranium
• Ethmoid Bone (1)
• Roof and walls of nasal cavity
• Floor of cranium
• Wall of orbits
• Cribiform plates
• Perpendicular plate
• Superior and middle
nasal conchae
• Ethmoid sinuses
• Crista galli
Perpendicular
plate
Crista galli
Crista galli
Superior
nasal concha
Cribriform
plate
Ethmoidal
sinuses
Transverse section
Middle nasal
concha
Orbital
surface
(a)
Perpendicular
plate
(b)
9
Facial Skeleton
• Maxillary Bones (2)
• Upper jaw
• Anterior roof of mouth
• Floors of orbits
• Sides of nasal cavity
• Floors of nasal cavity
• Alveolar processes
• Maxillary sinuses
• Palatine process
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone
Lambdoid suture
Ethmoid bone
Occipital bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic bone
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
External acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Maxilla
Mandibular condyle
Styloid process
Mental foramen
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Mandible
Coronoid process
10
Facial Skeleton
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal sinuses
Sphenoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus
11
Facial Skeleton
• Palatine Bones (2)
• ‘L’ shaped bones located
behind the maxillae
• Posterior section of hard
palate
• Floor of nasal cavity
• Lateral walls of
nasal cavity
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Perpendicular
portion
Coronal section
Horizontal portion
12
Facial Skeleton
• Zygomatic Bones (2)
• Prominences of cheeks
• Lateral walls of orbits
• Floors of orbits
• Temporal process
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone
Lambdoid suture
Ethmoid bone
Occipital bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic bone
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
External acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Maxilla
Mandibular condyle
Styloid process
Mental foramen
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Mandible
Coronoid process
13
Facial Skeleton
• Lacrimal Bones (2)
• Medial walls of orbits
• Groove from orbit to nasal
cavity
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Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone
• Nasal Bones (2)
• Bridge of nose
Lambdoid suture
Ethmoid bone
Occipital bone
Lacrimal bone
Temporal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
External acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Maxilla
Mandibular condyle
Styloid process
Mental foramen
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Mandible
Coronoid process
14
Facial Skeleton
• Vomer Bone (1)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Inferior portion of nasal
septum
Coronal suture
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone
Frontal sinus
Lambdoid suture
Nasal bone
Occipital bone
Crista galli
Ethmoid
bone
Internal acoustic meatus
Cribriform plate
Perpendicular plate
(nasal septum)
Jugular foramen
Sella turcica
Inferior nasal concha
Palatine process
of maxilla
Maxilla
Hypoglossal canal
Styloid process
Foramen magnum
Sphenoidal sinus
Mastoid process
Palatine bone
Vomer bone
Mandible
Alveolar processes
15
Facial Skeleton
• Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
• Extend from lateral
walls of nasal cavity
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Coronal suture
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone
Frontal sinus
Lambdoid suture
Nasal bone
Occipital bone
Crista galli
Ethmoid
bone
Internal acoustic meatus
Cribriform plate
Perpendicular plate
(nasal septum)
Jugular foramen
Sella turcica
Inferior nasal concha
Palatine process
of maxilla
Maxilla
Hypoglossal canal
Styloid process
Foramen magnum
Sphenoidal sinus
Mastoid process
Palatine bone
Vomer bone
Mandible
Alveolar processes
16
Facial Skeleton
• Mandible Bone (1)
• Lower jaw
• Body
• Ramus
• Mandibular condyle
• Coronoid process
• Alveolar process
• Mandibular foramen
• Mental foramen
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Coronoid
process
Coronoid process
Mandibular
foramen
Mandibular condyle
Ramus
Alveolar
border
Mandibular
foramen
Body
Mental foramen
Body
(a)
(b)
Alveolar
arch
17
Infantile Skull
• Fontanels – fibrous membranes
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Frontal suture
(metopic suture)
Frontal bone
Anterior fontanel
Sagittal suture
Posterior fontanel
(b)
18
7.7: Vertebral Column
• The vertebral column, or spinal column, consists of
many vertebrae separated by cartilaginous intervertebral
discs.
19
Vertebral Column
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• Cervical vertebrae (7)
• Thoracic vertebrae (12)
• Lumbar vertebrae (5)
• Sacral (4-5 fused segments)
• Sacrum is fused bone
• Coccygeal (3-4 fused segments)
• Coccyx is fused bone
Cervical
vertebrae
Cervical
curvature
Vertebra
prominens
Rib facet
Thoracic
vertebrae
Thoracic
curvature
Intervertebral
Intervertebral
foramina
Lumbar
curvature
Lumbar
vertebrae
Sacrum
Sacral
curvature
20
Coccyx
(a)
(b)
Vertebral Column
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• Cervical curvature
• Thoracic curvature
• Lumbar curvature
• Sacral curvature
• Rib facets
• Vertebral prominens
• Intervertebral discs (IVD)
• Intervertebral foramina (IVF)
Cervical
vertebrae
Cervical
curvature
Vertebra
prominens
Rib facet
Thoracic
vertebrae
Thoracic
curvature
Intervertebral
Intervertebral
foramina
Lumbar
curvature
Lumbar
vertebrae
Sacrum
Sacral
curvature
21
Coccyx
(a)
(b)
Typical Vertebrae
• Includes the following parts:
• Vertebral body
• Pedicles
• Lamina
• Spinous process
• Transverse processes
• Vertebral foramen
• Facets
22
Cervical Vertebrae
• Atlas –
supports head
• Axis – 2nd; dens pivots to turn
head
• Transverse foramina
• Bifid spinous processes
• Vertebral prominens – useful
landmark
1st;
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Posterior
Facet that articulates
with occipital condyle
Vertebral
foramen
Transverse
process
Anterior
Facet that articulates
with dens (odontoid process)
of axis
Atlas
(a)
Transverse
foramen
Anterior articular
facet for atlas
Spinous
process
Spinous process
Dens
Superior
articular facet
Transverse
foramen
Body
Inferior articular
process
(b)
Transverse
process
(c)
Axis
Dens (odontoid
process)
23
Thoracic Vertebrae
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Superior
articular
process
Transverse
process
• Long spinous processes
• Rib facets
Pedicle
Facet for
tubercle of rib
Superior
articular
process
Body
Intervertebral notch
Body
Spinous
process
Transverse
process
Inferior articular
process
(a)
Spinous process
Inferior articular
process
Lamina
Intervertebral
disc
Transverse process
Facet for tubercle of rib
Superior articular process
Vertebral foramen
Anterior
Spinous
process
Pedicle
Body
24
(b)
Posterior
(c)
Lumbar Vertebrae
• Large bodies
• Thick, short spinous
processes
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Spinous process
Lamina
Superior articular
process
Transverse process
Pedicle
Vertebral foramen
Body
(c) Lumbar vertebra
25
Sacrum
• 4-5 fused segments
• Median sacral crest
• Posterior sacral
foramina
• Posterior wall of pelvic
cavity
• Sacral promontory aka
base
• Area toward coccyx is
the apex
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Sacral promontory
Superior articular process
Sacral canal
Auricular
surface
Tubercle
of median
sacral crest
Sacrum
Posterior sacral
foramen
Sacral hiatus
Anterior sacral
foramen
Coccyx
(a)
(b)
26
Coccyx
• Aka tailbone
• 3-4 fused segments
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Sacral promontory
Superior articular process
Sacral canal
Auricular
surface
Tubercle
of median
sacral crest
Sacrum
Posterior sacral
foramen
Sacral hiatus
Anterior sacral
foramen
Coccyx
(a)
(b)
27
7.3 Clinical Application
Disorders of the Vertebral Column
28
7.8: Thoracic Cage
• The thoracic cage includes the ribs, the thoracic
vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal cartilages that attach
the ribs to the sternum.
29
Thoracic Cage
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• Ribs (12)
• Sternum
• Thoracic vertebrae (12)
• Costal cartilages
• Supports shoulder girdle
and upper limbs
• Protects viscera
• Role in breathing
Jugular notch
(suprasternal notch)
Thoracic vertebra
Sternal angle
Clavicular notch
1
2
Manubrium
3
True ribs
(vertebrosternal
ribs)
4
5
Sternum
Body
6
7
Xiphoid process
8
False
ribs
Vertebrochondral
ribs
Ribs
9
Costal
cartilage
10
11
Floating ribs
(vertebral ribs)
12
(a)
30
(b)
b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD
Ribs
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Jugular notch
(suprasternal notch)
• Humans have 12 pairs of ribs:
• True ribs (7)
• False ribs (5), of which:
Thoracic vertebra
Sternal angle
Clavicular notch
1
2
Manubrium
3
True ribs
(vertebrosternal
ribs)
• Floating (2)
4
5
6
7
Xiphoid process
8
• There are some anomalies:
• Cervical ribs
• Lumbar ribs
Sternum
Body
False
ribs
Vertebrochondral
ribs
Ribs
9
Costal
cartilage
10
11
Floating ribs
(vertebral ribs)
12
(a)
31
(b)
b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD
Rib Structure
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Shaft
• Head – posterior end;
articulates with vertebrae
• Tubercle – articulates with
vertebrae
• Costal cartilage – hyaline
cartilage
Neck
Head
Tubercle
Anterior end
Shaft
Costal groove
(a)
Spinous process
Facet
Tubercle
Neck
Head
Facet
Shaft
(b)
Anterior end
(sternal end)
32
Sternum
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Jugular notch
(suprasternal notch)
• Three (3) parts of the
sternum:
• Manubrium
• Body
• Xiphoid process
Thoracic vertebra
Sternal angle
Clavicular notch
1
2
Manubrium
3
True ribs
(vertebrosternal
ribs)
4
5
Sternum
Body
6
7
Xiphoid process
8
False
ribs
Vertebrochondral
ribs
Ribs
9
Costal
cartilage
10
11
Floating ribs
(vertebral ribs)
12
(a)
33
(b)
b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD
7.9: Pectoral Girdle
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Also known as the
shoulder girdle
• Clavicles
• Scapulae
• Supports upper limbs
• True shoulder joint is
simply the articulation of
the humerus and scapula
Acromial end
Sternal end
Acromion
process
Clavicle
Head of
humerus
Coracoid
process
Sternum
Scapula Rib
Costal
cartilage
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
(a)
34
Clavicles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Articulate with manubrium
• Articulate with scapulae
(acromion process)
• A-C joint
Acromial end
Sternal end
Acromion
process
Clavicle
Head of
humerus
Coracoid
process
Sternum
Scapula Rib
Costal
cartilage
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
(a)
35
Scapulae
• Spine
• Supraspinous fossa
• Infraspinous fossa
• Acromion process
• Coracoid process
• Glenoid fossa or cavity
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Superior
border
Coracoid
process
Suprascapular
notch
Acromion
process
Acromion
process
Coracoid
process
Supraglenoid
tubercle
Spine
Glenoid
cavity
Infraglenoid
tubercle
Supraspinous
fossa
Infraspinous
fossa
(a)
Glenoid
cavity
Subscapular
fossa
Lateral
(axillary) border
Medial
(vertebral)
border
(b)
(c)
36
7.10: Upper Limb
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
(Interosseous membrane)
• Carpals
• Metacarpals
• Phalanges
Humerus
Humerus
Olecranon
process
Olecranon
fossa
Head of radius
Neck of radius
Ulna
(c)
Radius
Ulna
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
(a) Hand (palm anterior)
(b) Hand (palm posterior)
(d)
d: © Martin Rotker
37
Humerus
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Head
• Greater tubercle
• Lesser tubercle
• Anatomical neck
• Surgical neck
• Deltoid tuberosity
• Capitulum
• Trochlea
• Coronoid fossa
• Olecranon fossa
Greater tubercle
Head
Intertubercular
groove
Anatomical
neck
Lesser tubercle
Surgical
neck
Greater tubercle
Deltoid tuberosity
Coronoid
fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Olecranon
fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Capitulum
Trochlea
(a)
38
(b)
Radius
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• Lateral forearm bone
• Head
• Radial tuberosity
• Styloid process
Trochlear notch
Olecranon
process
Coronoid process
Head of radius
Olecranon
process
Trochlear
notch
Radial tuberosity
Coronoid
process
Radial
notch
Radius
(b)
Ulna
Head of ulna
Styloid process
(a)
Styloid process
Ulnar notch of radius
39
Ulna
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Medial forearm bone
• Trochlear notch
• Olecranon process
• Coronoid process
• Styloid process
Trochlear notch
Olecranon
process
Coronoid process
Head of radius
Olecranon
process
Trochlear
notch
Radial tuberosity
Coronoid
process
Radial
notch
Radius
(b)
Ulna
Head of ulna
Styloid process
(a)
Styloid process
Ulnar notch of radius
40
Wrist and Hand
• Carpal Bones (16 total bones)
• Scaphoid
• Lunate
• Triquetral
• Pisiform
• Hamate
• Capitate
• Trapezoid
• Trapezium
Radius
Ulna
Lunate
Hamate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Scaphoid
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Scaphoid
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Carpals
(carpus)
1
1
Metacarpals
(metacarpus)
• Metacarpal Bones (10)
• Phalangeal Bones (28)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2
5
5
3
4
4
3
2
Proximal
phalanx
Phalanges
• Proximal phalanx
Middle
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
• Middle phalanx
• Distal phalanx
(a)
(b)
41
7.11: Pelvic Girdle
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Coxal Bones (2)
• Supports trunk of body
• Protects viscera
• Forms pelvic cavity
Sacral canal
Ilium
Sacrum
Sacral hiatus
Coccyx
Ischium
(b)
Pubis
Obturator foramen
Sacroiliac joint
Ilium
Sacral promontory
Sacrum
Acetabulum
Pubis
Symphysis
pubis
Pubic tubercle
Ischium
42
Pubic arch
(a)
c: © Martin Rotker
(c)
Hip Bones
• Also known as the coxae:
• Acetabulum
• There are three (3)
bones:
1. Ilium
• Iliac crest
• Iliac spines
• Greater sciatic notch
2. Ischium
• Ischial spines
• Lesser sciatic notch
• Ischial tuberosity
3. Pubis
• Obturator foramen
• Symphysis pubis
• Pubic arch
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Iliac crest
Iliac fossa
Iliac crest
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Ilium
Anterior
inferior
iliac spine
Ilium
Posterior
inferior
iliac spine
Obturator
foramen
Greater
sciatic notch
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen
Pubis
Ischium
Ischial spine
Lesser
sciatic notch
Pubic crest
Ischium
Pubis
Pubic tubercle
Ischial
tuberosity
(a)
(b)
43
Greater and Lesser Pelves
• Greater Pelvis
• Lumbar vertebrae
posteriorly
• Iliac bones laterally
• Abdominal wall
anteriorly
• Lesser Pelvis
• Sacrum and coccyx
posteriorly
• Lower ilium, ischium, and
pubic bones laterally and
anteriorly
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Flared ilium
Sacral promontory
Pelvic brim
Symphysis pubis
(a) Female pelvis
Pubic arch
Sacral promontory
Sacral curvature
44
(b) Male pelvis
Pubic arch
Differences Between
Male Female Pelves
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• Female pelvis
• Iliac bones more flared
• Broader hips
• Pubic arch angle greater
• More distance between ischial
spines and ischial tuberosities
• Sacral curvature shorter and
flatter
• Lighter bones
• Why?
Flared ilium
Sacral promontory
Pelvic brim
Symphysis pubis
(a) Female pelvis
Pubic arch
Sacral promontory
Sacral curvature
45
(b) Male pelvis
Pubic arch
7.12: Lower Limb
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Tarsals
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges
Femur
Patella
Femur
Fibula
Tibia
(c) Lateral view
Patella
Fibula
Femur
Tibia
Lateral
condyle
Medial
condyle
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
(d) Posterior view
46
Phalanges
(b)
Femur
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Longest bone of body
• Head
• Fovea capitis
• Neck
• Greater trochanter
• Lesser trochanter
• Linea aspera
• Condyles
• Epicondyles
Fovea capitis
Neck
Head
Greater
trochanter
Gluteal
tuberosity
Lesser
trochanter
Linea
aspera
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Medial
condyle
Lateral
condyle
Intercondylar
fossa
(a)
Patellar
surface
(b)
47
Patella
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• Aka kneecap
• Anterior surface of the knee
joint
• Flat sesamoid bone located
in the quadriceps tendon
Femur
Patella
Femur
Fibula
Tibia
(c) Lateral view
Patella
Fibula
Femur
Tibia
Lateral
condyle
Medial
condyle
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
(d) Posterior view
48
Phalanges
(b)
Tibia
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Aka shin bone
• Medial to fibula
• Condyles
• Tibial tuberosity
• Anterior crest
• Makes the medial malleolus
Lateral
condyle
Head of
fibula
Intercondylar
eminence
Medial
condyle
Tibial
tuberosity
Anterior
crest
Fibula
Tibia
Lateral
malleolus
Medial
malleolus
49
Fibula
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Lateral to tibia
• Long, slender
• Head
• Makes the lateral malleolus
• Non-weight bearing
Lateral
condyle
Head of
fibula
Intercondylar
eminence
Medial
condyle
Tibial
tuberosity
Anterior
crest
Fibula
Tibia
Lateral
malleolus
Medial
malleolus
50
Foot
• Tarsal Bones (14)
• Calcaneus
• Talus
• Navicular
• Cuboid
• Lateral (3rd) cuneiform
• Intermediate (2nd) cuneiform
• Medial (1st) cuneiform
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fibula
Tibia
Talus
Medial
cuneiformNavicular
Metatarsals
(metatarsus)
• Metatarsal Bones (10)
• Phalanges (28)
Calcaneus
Phalanges
Calcaneal
tuberosity
(b)
Tarsals
(tarsus)
• Proximal
• Middle
• Distal
51
Foot
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Calcaneus
Talus
Tarsals
(tarsus)
Navicular
Cuboid
Lateral cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Medial cuneiform
5
4
3
2
1
Metatarsals
(metatarsus)
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
Phalanges
52
(a)
7.13: Lifespan Changes
• Decrease in height at about age 30
• Calcium levels fall
• Bones become brittle
• Osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts
• Spongy bone weakens before compact bone
• Bone loss rapid in menopausal women
• Hip fractures common
• Vertebral compression fractures common
53
Animation:
Osteoporosis
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