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Frontalis
O: galea aponeurotica
I: eyebrows
F: raise eyebrows, pull
scalp anteriorly
N: Facial Nerve
A: Raises eyebrow
Orbicularis oculi
O: frontal, maxillary bones
I: eyelids
F: close eyes
N: Zygomatic branches of the
Facial nerve
A: closes eyelid
Origin anterior of zygomatic
Insertion modiolus of mouth
Nerve buccal branch of facial nerve
Action draws angle of mouth
upward and laterally
Zygomaticus Major
RISORIUS
Origin parotid fascia
Insertion modiolus
Artery facial artery
Nerve Buccal branch of the facial
nerve
Actions draw back angle of
mouth SMILE!
Orbicularis oris
O: muscles around mouth
I: lips
F: close, purse lips
N: cranial nerve VII, buccal
branch of the facial nerve
A: pucker the lips
MENTALIS
Origin anterior mandible
Insertion chin
ArteryNerve mandibular branch of
facial nerve
Actions elevates and wrinkles skin of
chin, protrudes lower lip
BUCCINATOR
Origin from the alveolar processes of
the maxillary bone and mandible,
pterygomandibular raphe
Insertion in the fibres of the orbicularis
oris
Arterybuccal artery
Nervebuccal branch of the facial nerve
(VII cranial nerve)
ActionsThe buccinator compresses the
cheeks against the teeth and is used in
acts such as blowing. It is an assistant
muscle of mastication (chewing).
Buccinator
O: maxilla & mandible
I: orbicularis oris
F: compress cheek
N: Buccal branch of the facial nerve VII
A: The buccinator compresses
the cheeks against the teeth and
is used in acts such as blowing.
It is an assistant muscle of mastication
Origin subcutaneous tissue of
infraclavicular and supraclavicular
regions
Insertion base of mandible; skin
of cheek and lower lip; angle of
mouth; orbicularis oris
Artery branches of the Submental
artery and Suprascapular artery
Nerve cervical branch of the facial
nerve (CN VII)
ActionsDraws the corners of the
mouth inferiorly and widens it (as
in expressions of sadness and
fright). Also draws the skin of the
neck superiorly when teeth are
clenched
Masseter
O: zygomatic arch
I: angle of mandible
F: elevate mandible
N: masseteric nerve III
A: Closes mouth and
Retracts mandible
Origin temporal lines on the
parietal bone of the skull.
Insertion coronoid process
of the mandible.
Artery deep temporal
Nerve third branch (mandibular nerve)
of the trigeminal nerve
Action elevation and retraction
of mandibleAntagonistPlatysma muscle
Temporalis
Originmanubrium sterni,
Insertion mastoid process of the temporal bone,
superior nuchal line
Artery occipital artery and the superior thyroid
artery
Nerve motor: accessory nerve
sensory: cervical plexus
Action Acting alone, tilts head to its own side
and rotates it so the face is turned towards the
opposite side. Acting together, flexes the neck,
raises the sternum and assists in forced inspiration.
Sternocleidomastoid
Origin cervical vertebrae (CII-CVII)
Insertion first and second ribs
Artery Ascending cervical artery
(branch of Inferior thyroid artery)
Nerve cervical nerves (C3-C8)
Actions elevation of ribs I&II
Origin iliac crest and iliolumbar
ligament
Insertion Last rib and transverse
processes of lumbar vertebrae
Artery Lumbar arteries, lumbar branch
of iliolumbar artery
Nerve The twelfth thoracic and first
through fourth lumbar nerves
Actions Alone, lateral flexion of
vertebral column; Together, depression
of thoracic rib cage
External intercostals
O: ribs
I: ribs
F: elevate ribs, expand
thorax (inspire)
Internal intercostals
O: ribs
I: ribs
F: depress ribs, contract
thorax (expire)
External oblique
O: ribs
I: linea alba
F: flex, rotate trunk;
compress abdomen
Internal oblique
O: lumbar fascia
I: linea alba
F: flex & rotate trunk;
compress abdomen
Transversus abdominus
O: lumbar fascia & ribs
I: linea alba
F: compress abdomen, rotate trunk
Rectus abdominus
O: pubis
I: ribs
F: flex trunk, compress abdomen
Origin 3rd to 5th ribs, near their
costal cartilages
Insertion medial border and
superior surface of the coracoid
process of the scapula
Artery Pectoral branch of the
thoracoacromial trunk
Nerve Medial pectoral nerve (C8,
T1)
Actions It stabilizes the scapula
by drawing it inferiorly and
anteriorly against the thoracic wall.
Origin Clavicular head: anterior surface of the
medial half of the clavicle.
Sternocostal head: anterior surface of the
sternum, the superior six costal cartilages
Insertion intertubercular groove of the humerus
Artery pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunk
Nerve: lateral pectoral nerve and medial pectoral nerve
Clavicular head: C5 and C6
Sternocostal head: C7, C8 and T1
Action Clavicular head: flexes the humerus
Sternocostal head: extends the humerus
As a whole, adducts and medially rotates the
humerus. It also draws the scapula anteriorly
and inferiorly.
Pectoralis Major
Serratus anterior
O: ribs
I: scapula
F: protract & stabilize scapula
Origin first rib
Insertion subclavian
groove of clavicle
Artery thoracoacromial
artery, clavicular branch
Nerve nerve to subclavius
Actions depression of
clavicle
O: occipital bone, vertebrae
I: scapula
F: extend head, fix scapula
Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Origin
Posterior tubercles
of transverse processes of C1 - C4
vertebrae
Insertion
Superior part of medial border of scapula
Artery
dorsal scapular artery
Nerve
cervical nerve (C3, C4) and
dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
Action
Elevates scapula and tilts its
glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating
scapula
Rhomboid
Originnuchal ligaments, spinous processes
of the C7 to T5 vertebrae
Insertion medial border of the scapula
Artery dorsal scapular artery
Nerve dorsal scapular nerve (C4 and C5)
Action Retracts the scapula and rotates it to
depress the glenoid cavity. It also fixes the
scapula to the thoracic wall.
DELTOIDS
Origin
clavicle, acromion, spine of the
scapula
Insertion
deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Artery
primarily posterior circumflex
humeral artery
Nerve
Axillary nerve
Action
shoulder abduction, flexion
and extension
O: vertebrae
I: humerus
F: extend, adduct arm
Latissimus Dorsi
Teres major
O: inferior angle of scapula
I: humerus
F: extend, adduct arm
Subscapularis
O: scapula
I: humerus
F: medially rotate arm
O: scapula
I: humerus
F: abducts arm,
stabilize shoulder
Supraspinatus
O: scapula
I: humerus
F: laterally rotate arm
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
O: Lateral border of scapula
I: humerus
F: laterally rotate, adduct arm
O: coracoid of scapula
I: humerus
F: flex and adduct arm
Coracobrachialis
O: scapula & humerus
I: olecranon of ulna
F: extend forearm & arm
Triceps brachii
N:
ANCONEUS
Origin lateral epicondyle of the humerus
proximally
Insertion lateral surface of the olecranon
process and the superior part of the
posterior ulna distally
Artery deep brachial artery, recurrent
interosseous artery
Nerve radial nerve (C7, C8, and T1)
Actions It is partly blended in with the
triceps, which it assists in extension of the
forearm. It also stabilises the elbow during
pronation and supination and pulls slack out
of the elbow joint capsule during extention to
prevent impingement.
O: scapula
I: radial tuberosity
F: flex forearm & arm
Biceps brachii
BRACHIALIS
Origin anterior surface of the humerus,
particularly the distal half of this bone
Insertion coronoid process and the
tuberosity of the ulna
Artery radial recurrent artery
Nerve musculocutaneous nerve
Actions flexion at elbow joint
Brachioradialis
Origin
Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus
Insertion
Distal radius (Radial styloid process)
Artery
radial recurrent artery
Nerve
radial nerve
Action
Flexion of forearm
PRONATOR TERES
Origin
humeral head: medial epicondyle of humerus
(common flexor tendon)
ulnar head: coronoid process of ulna
Insertion
radius
Artery
ulnar artery and radial artery
Nerve
median nerve
Action
pronation of forearm, flexes elbow
FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS
Origin
medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)
Insertion
Bases of second and third metacarpal bones
Artery
ulnar artery
Nerve
Median nerve
Action
Flexion and abduction at wrist
Antagonist Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle, Extensor carpi
radialis longus muscle
PALMARIS LONGUS
Origin
medial epicondyle of humerus
(common flexor tendon)
Insertion
palmar aponeurosis
Artery
ulnar artery
Nerve
median nerve
Action
wrist flexor
FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS
Origin
medial epicondyle (common flexor tendon)
Insertion
pisiform
Artery
ulnar artery
Nerve
muscular branches of ulnar nerve
Action
flexion of wrist
Antagonist Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
Flexor
digitorum
superficialis
O: humerus, ulna, radius
I: middle phalanges 2-5
F: flex hand, phalanges
FLEXOR POLLICIS LONGUS
Origin
The middle 2/4 of the volar surface of the radius and
the adjacent interosseus membrane. (Also occasionally
a small origin slightly on the medial epicondyle of the ulna.)
Insertion
The base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
Artery
Anterior interosseus artery
Nerve
Anterior interosseous nerve (branch of median nerve)
(C8, T1)
Action
Flexion of the thumb.
Flexor digitorum
profundus
O: ulna
I: distal phalanges 2-5
F: flex hand, phalanges
PRONATOR QUADRATUS
Origin medial, anterior
surface of the ulna
Insertion lateral, anterior
surface of the radius
Artery anterior interosseous
artery
Nerve median nerve (anterior
interosseous nerve)
Actions pronates the
forearm
Antagonist Supinator
muscle
Brachioradialis
O: humerus
I: styloid of radius
F: flex forearm
Extensor carpi radialis longus
O: humerus
I: 2nd metacarpal
F: extend and abduct hand
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
O: lateral epicondyle of humerus
I: 3rd metacarpal
F: extend & abduct hand
Extensor digitorum
O: lateral epicondyle of humerus
I: distal phalanges 2-5
F: extend hand & phalanges
Extensor carpi ulnaris
O: lateral epicondyle of humerus
I: 5th metacarpal
F: extend, adduct hand
Supinator
O: humerus, ulna
I: radius
F: supinate forearm
Psoas major
O: vertebrae
I: femur
F: flex thigh
Iliacus
O: ilium
I: femur
F: flex thigh
Sartorius
O: ilium (A.S.I.S.)
I: tibia
F: flex thigh & leg
Origin
anterior surface of the inferior ramus
and body of the pubis
Insertion
the lesser trochanter and linea aspera
of the femur
Artery
Obturator artery
Nerve
obturator nerve
Action
adduction of hip
ADDUCTOR BREVIS
Origin
pubis, tuberosity of the ischium
Insertion femur
Artery
Obturator artery
Nerve
posterior branch of obturator
nerve (adductor) and
[1]
sciatic nerve (hamstring)
Action
adduction of hip
ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
PECTINEUS
Origin pubis - superior pubic ramus
Insertion Lesser trochanter, linea
aspera
Artery Obturator artery
Nerve Femoral nerve, sometimes
obturator nerve
Actions Thigh - flexion, adduction,
medial rotation
GRACILIS MUSCLE
Origin
ischiopubic ramus
Insertion
tibia (pes anserinus)
Nerve
anterior branch of obturator nerve
Action
flexes hip, knee
Biceps femoris
O: ischial tuberosity & femur
I: tibia & fibula
F: extend thigh & flex leg
Rectus femoris
O: ilium (A.I.I.S.)
I: tibia via patella
F: flex thigh & extend leg
Vastus lateralis
O: femur
I: tibia via patella
F: extend leg
Vastus medialis
O: femur
I: tibia via patella
F: extend leg
Vastus intermedius
O: femur
I: tibia via patella
F: extend leg
Tensor fascia lata
O: ilium
I: iliotibial band
F: abduct & flex thigh
Iliotibial Tract- General Anatomy:
- Contracture of the IT Band:
- contracture of the IT band is common in CP and polio;
- patients demonstrate flexion, abduction, and external rotation of the hip;
- diff dx: abduction contracture;
- exam: - Ober test: - detects contracture of the iliotibial band;
- have pt lie on normal hip, with affect hip and knee flexed;
- hip is abducted and extended inorder to center the iliotibial
band on the greater trochanter;
- then attempt to adduct the hip, which will be limited w/ contracture;
- reference:
- A new test for esteimating iliotibial band contracture.
V.K. Gautam and S. Anand. JBJS. Vol 80-B. No 3. May 1998. p 474.
Gluteus maximus
O: ilium & sacrum
I: femur
F: extend thigh
Gluteus medius
O: ilium
I: femur
F: abduct & medially
rotate thigh
Piriformis
Origin
sacrum
Insertio
n
greater trochanter
Artery
Inferior gluteal artery , Lateral sacral artery, Superior
gluteal artery,
Nerve
nerve to the Piriformis (L5, S1, and S2 nerve roots)
Action
rotate laterally (outward) the thigh
OBTURATOR EXTERNUS
Origin obturator foramen and
obturatory membrane
Insertion medial aspect of
greater trochanter of femur
Artery obturator artery
Nerve posterior branch of
obturator nerve (third and fourth
lumbar nerves)
Actions adduct thigh, rotate
laterally thigh
QUADRATUS FEMORIS
Origin Ischial tuberosity
Insertion Intertrochanteric
crest
Artery Inferior gluteal artery
Nerve Nerve to quadratus
femoris (L4-S1)
Actions lateral rotation and
adduction of thigh[1]
GLUTEUS MINIMUS
• Origin Gluteal surface of ilium, under gluteus
medius.
• Insertion Greater trochanter of the femur
• Artery superior gluteal artery
• Nerve superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1 nerve
roots)
• Actions Works in concert with gluteus medius:
abduction of the hip; preventing adduction of the
hip. Medial rotation of thigh.
• Antagonist lateral rotator group
Semitendinosus
O: ischial tuberosity
I: tibia
F: extend thigh & flex leg
Semimembranosus
O: ischial tuberosity
I: tibia
F: extend thigh & flex leg
Vastus intermedius
O: femur
I: tibia via patella
F: extend leg
Adductor magnus
O: ischium & pubis
I: femur
F: adduct, flex,
laterally rotate thigh
Tibialis anterior
O: tibia
I: tarsals & metatarsal 1
F: dorsiflex foot
FIBULARIS TERTIUS
Origin distal anterior surface of the
fibula
Insertion dorsal surface of
metatarsal 5
Artery anterior tibial artery
Nerve deep fibular nerve
Actions dorsiflexion and eversion of
the foot
Fibularis longus
(peroneous longus)
Origin
fibula
Insertion
first metatarsal, medial cuneiform
Artery
fibular (peroneal) artery
Nerve
Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
Action
plantarflexion, eversion
Antagonist Tibialis anterior muscle
Peroneus longus
O: fibula
I: 1st metatarsal
F: plantar flex & evert foot
PERONEUS (FIBULARIS) BREVIS
PERONEUS LONGUS & BREVIS
•
•
•
•
•
Origin fibula
Insertion fifth metatarsal
Artery peroneal artery
Nerve superficial peroneal nerve
Actions plantarflexion, eversion
Gastrocnemius
O: femur
I: calcaneus
F: plantar flex foot,
flex knee
Soleus
O: tibia & fibula
I: calcaneus
F: plantar flex foot