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LOCATION AND NAMES OF DIFFERENT TYPES
OF BONES OF THE SKELETAL
INTRODUCTION TO
SKELETAL SYSTEM.
GROUP 2 WORK
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Skeletal system
 Def :the skeletal is a frame work of the bones
around which the body is contracted and protect and
support internal organs
 Functions:-attachment of muscles
-protection and support of internal organs
-hematopoesis functin
-mineral storage
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BONES
 A bone: is a dense hard connective tissue
composing the skeletal
 Formation and structure
Formation
Bones are complete organs composed
chiefly of connective tissue called
osseous(bony)tissue plus a rich supply of
blood vessels and nerves osseous tissue
consists of a combination of
osteocytes(bon cells )dense connective
tissue strands known as collagen and
intercellular calcium salts.
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Kinds of the bone cells
 Osteoblasts (osteocytes which are immature)
 Osteoclasts (bone phagocytes)
The formation of the bone depends largely on proper
supply of calcium and phosphorus to the bone
tissue
structure
There are 206 bones of various types (of bones)in the
body .
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Types of bones
1.Long bones: are found in the thigh ,lower leg, and
upper and lower arm.
Characteristics:-They are very strong.
-Are broad at the ends where they
join other bones
-They have large surface areas for
muscle attachment
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Different parts of large bone
 The shaft (body )or middle region of long bone is
called diaphysis .each end of long bone is called
epiphisis.
The epiphisial line or plate represents an area of
cartilage tissue .it is also known as a growth plate
The cartilage cells at the edges of the epiphisial plate
form new bone which is responsible for lengthening
during child hood and addescence.the plate is
calcified and disappears when the bone has achieved
its full growth.
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 The metaphysis is the flared portion in the bone it
rise between the epiphysis and diaphisis.it is
adjacent to epiphysis plate.
 Periosteum is a strong fibrous, vascular membrane
that covers the surface of long bones except at the
ends of the epiphysis. It has an extensive nerve
supply as well.
 Compact (cortical )bone is a layer of hard ,dense
bone that lies under the periostium in all bones and
lies chiefly around the diaphysis of long bones
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 Articular cartilage: end of the long bone where 2
bones met to form joint.
 Haversian canals are small canals contained in
compact bone which contain blood vessels which
supply the bones they bring the oxygen and remove
waste products such as carbon dioxide.
 Medullary cartilage: cavity which is inside the
compact bone which fatty tissue
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 Cancellous bone or spongy or trabecular bone is
much more porous and less dense than compact
bone .space in cancellous bone contain red bone
marrow .which is richly supplied with blood and
consists of immature and mature blood cells in
various stages of development .
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2.Short bones: are found in the ankle and wrist and
are small with irregular shapes
3.Flat bones: are found covering soft body parts
.these are the shoulder blades ,ribs ,and pelvic bones
4.Sesamoid bones:are small round bones resembling a
sesame seen in shape .they found near joints ,and
they increase the efficiency of muscles near a
particular joint.
The kneecap is the largest example of a sesamoid
bones.
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5.Irregular bones:
Bones processes : are enlarged areas that extends out
from bones to serve as attachments for muscles and
tendon s.
Bone head :it is rounded end of a bone separated from
body of the bone by a neck ;usually covered by
articular cartilage
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The Axial Skeleton
 Eighty bones segregated into three regions
 Skull
 Vertebral column
 Bony thorax
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The Skull
 The skull, the body’s most complex bony structure,
is formed by the cranium and facial bones
 Cranium – protects the brain and is the site of
attachment for head and neck muscles
 Facial bones
 Supply the framework of the face, the sense organs,
and the teeth
 Provide openings for the passage of air and food
 Anchor the facial muscles of expression
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Anatomy of the Cranium
 Eight cranial bones – two parietal, two temporal,
frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid
 Cranial bones are thin and remarkably strong for
their weight
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Frontal Bone
 Forms the anterior portion of the cranium
 Articulates posteriorly with the parietal bones via
the coronal suture
 Major markings include the supraorbital margins,
the anterior cranial fossa, and the frontal sinuses
(internal and lateral to the glabella)
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Skull: Anterior View
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Figure 7.2a
Skull: Posterior View
Figure 7.2b
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Parietal Bones and Major Associated Sutures
 Form most of the superior and lateral aspects of the
skull
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Figure 7.3a
Parietal Bones and Major Associated Sutures
 Four sutures mark the articulations of the parietal
bones
 Coronal suture – articulation between parietal bones
and frontal bone anteriorly
 Sagittal suture – where right and left parietal bones
meet superiorly
 Lambdoid suture – where parietal bones meet the
occipital bone posteriorly
 Squamosal or squamous suture – where parietal and
temporal bones meet
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Occipital Bone and Its Major Markings
 Forms most of
skull’s posterior
wall and base
 Major markings
include the
posterior cranial
fossa, foramen
magnum,
occipital
condyles, and
the hypoglossal
canal
Figure 7.2b
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Occipital Bone and Its Major Markings
Figure 7.4b
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Temporal Bones
 Form the inferolateral aspects of the skull and parts
of the cranial floor
 Divided into four major regions – squamous,
tympanic, mastoid, and petrous
 Major markings include the zygomatic, styloid, and
mastoid processes, and the mandibular and middle
cranial fossae
 Major openings include the stylomastoid and jugular
foramina, the external and internal auditory
meatuses, and the carotid canal
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Temporal Bones
Figure 7.5
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Sphenoid Bone
 Butterfly-shaped bone that spans the width of the middle
cranial fossa
 Forms the central wedge that articulates with all other
cranial bones
 Consists of a central body, greater wings, lesser wings, and
pterygoid processes
 Major markings: the sella turcica, hypophyseal fossa, and the
pterygoid processes
 Major openings include the foramina rotundum, ovale, and
spinosum; the optic canals; and the superior orbital fissure
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Sphenoid Bone
Figure 7.6a, b
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Ethmoid Bone
 Most deep of the skull bones; lies between the
sphenoid and nasal bones
 Forms most of the bony area between the nasal
cavity and the orbits
 Major markings include the cribriform plate, crista
galli, perpendicular plate, nasal conchae, and the
ethmoid sinuses
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Ethmoid Bone
Figure 7.7
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Wormian Bones
 Tiny irregularly shaped bones that appear within
sutures
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Facial Bones
 Fourteen bones of which only the mandible and
vomer are unpaired
 The paired bones are the maxillae, zygomatics,
nasals, lacrimals, palatines, and inferior conchae
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Mandible and Its Markings
 The mandible (lower jawbone) is the largest,
strongest bone of the face
 Its major markings include the coronoid process,
mandibular condyle, the alveolar margin, and the
mandibular and mental foramina
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Mandible and Its Markings
Figure 7.8a
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Maxillary Bones
 Medially fused bones that make up the upper jaw
and the central portion of the facial skeleton
 Facial keystone bones that articulate with all other
facial bones except the mandible
 Their major markings include palatine, frontal, and
zygomatic processes, the alveolar margins, inferior
orbital fissure, and the maxillary sinuses
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Maxillary Bone
Figure 7.8b
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Zygomatic Bones
 Irregularly shaped bones (cheekbones) that form the
prominences of the cheeks and the inferolateral
margins of the orbits
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Other Facial Bones
 Nasal bones – thin medially fused bones that form
the bridge of the nose
 Lacrimal bones – contribute to the medial walls of
the orbit and contain a deep groove called the
lacrimal fossa that houses the lacrimal sac
 Palatine bones – two bone plates that form portions
of the hard palate, the posterolateral walls of the
nasal cavity, and a small part of the orbits
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Other Facial Bones
 Vomer – plow-shaped bone that forms part of the
nasal septum
 Inferior nasal conchae – paired, curved bones in the
nasal cavity that form part of the lateral walls of the
nasal cavity
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Anterior Aspects of the Skull
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Figure 7.2a
Posterior Aspects of the Skull
Figure 7.2b
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External Lateral Aspects of the Skull
Figure 7.3a
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Midsagittal Lateral Aspects of the Skull
Figure 7.3b
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Inferior Portion of the Skull
Figure 7.4a
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Inferior Portion of the Skull
Figure 7.4b
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