Download Bones

Memmler’s
The Human Body in Health and Disease
11th edition
Chapter 7
The Skeleton:
Bones and Joints
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The Skeleton
Skeletal system is made up of bones, joints, and
supporting connective tissue
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Bones
Several functions
•To serve as a firm framework for the body
•To protect delicate structures such as the brain and spinal
cord
•To work as levers to produce movement
•To store calcium salts
•To produce blood cells
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Bone Structure
Types of bone (osseous) tissue
•Compact bone
•Spongy (cancellous) bone
•Bone marrow
– Red marrow
– Yellow marrow
•Bone membranes
– Periosteum
– Endosteum
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The skeleton.
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The structure of a
long bone.
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Compact
bone
tissue.
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Checkpoint 7-1: A long bone has a long narrow shaft and
two irregular ends. What are the scientific names for the
shaft and the ends of a long bone?
Checkpoint 7-2: What are the two types of osseus (bone)
tissue and where is each type found?
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Bone Growth and Repair
Types of bone cells
•Osteoblasts manufacture the matrix
•Osteocytes maintain and repair existing bone matrix
•Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue
•Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone
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Checkpoint 7-3: What are the three types of cells found
in bone and what is the role of each?
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Question:
Which of these is a bone-building
cell?
a. osteoblast
b. osteoclast
c. osteocyte
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Answer:
a. osteoblast
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Formation of a Long Bone
•Cartilage begins to turn into bone
•Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends
•Bones continue to lengthen
•Bones stop lengthening
•Bone resorption and formation continues
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Checkpoint 7-4: As the embryonic skeleton is converted
from cartilage to bone, the intercellular matrix becomes
hardened. What compounds are deposited in the matrix to
harden it?
Checkpoint 7-5: After birth, long bones continue to grow
in length at secondary centers. What are these centers
called?
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Bone Markings
Distinguishing features
•Projections
–
Head
–
Process
–
Condyle
–
Crest
–
Spine
•Depressions or holes
–
Foramen
–
Sinus
–
Fossa
–
Meatus
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Checkpoint 7-6: Bones have a number of projections,
depressions, and holes. What are some functions of these
markings?
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Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Two main groups of bones
•Axial skeleton—80 bones of the head and trunk
•Appendicular skeleton—126 bones of the extremities
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Framework of the Skull
•Cranial bones
•Facial bones
•Infant skull
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Framework of the Skull, cont’d
•Cranial bones
– Frontal
– Parietal
– Temporal
– Ethmoid
– Sphenoid
– Occipital
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Framework of the Skull, cont’d
•Facial bones
–
Mandible
–
Maxillae
–
Zygomatic
–
Nasal
–
Lacrimal
–
Vomer
–
Palatine
–
Inferior nasal conchae
–
Ossicle
–
Hyoid
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Framework of the Skull, cont’d
•Infant skull
– Anterior fontanel
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Question:
What bones make up the “cheekbones”?
a. sphenoid bones
b. conchae
c. zygomatic bones
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Answer:
c. zygomatic bones
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The skull.
ZOOMING IN
• What type
of joint is
between
bones of the
skull?
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The skull, inferior view.
ZOOMING IN
• What two bones make
up each side of the hard
palate?
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Floor of cranium,
superior view.
ZOOMING IN
• What is a foramen?
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The skull, sagittal
section.
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Infant skull, showing
fontanels.
ZOOMING IN
• Which is the largest
fontanel?
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Framework of the Trunk
•Vertebral column
–
Cervical vertebrae
–
Thoracic vertebrae
–
Lumbar vertebrae
–
Sacral vertebrae (sacrum)
–
Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx)
•Thorax
–
Sternum
–
Ribs
• True ribs
• False ribs
–
Manubrium
–
Clavicular notch
–
Sternal angle
–
Xiphoid process
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Vertebral column,
left lateral view.
ZOOMING IN
• From an anterior
view, which group(s)
of vertebrae form a
convex curve?
• Which group(s)
form a concave
curve?
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The
vertebral
column
and
vertebrae
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The first two cervical vertebrae.
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Bones of
the
thorax,
anterior
view.
ZOOMING
IN
• To what
bones do
the costal
cartilages
attach?
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Checkpoint 7-7: The axial skeleton consists of the bones
of the skull and the trunk. What bones make up the
skeleton of the trunk?
Checkpoint 7-8: What are the five regions of the vertebral
column?
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Bones of the Appendicular
Skeleton
Two divisions
•Upper
•Lower
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The Upper Division of the Appendicular
Skeleton
•The shoulder girdle
– Clavicle (collarbone)
– Scapula (shoulder blade)
– Supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa
– Acromion
– Glenoid cavity
– Coracoid process
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The Upper Division of the Appendicular
Skeleton, cont’d
•The upper extremity
–
Humerus (arm bone)
–
Medial and lateral epicondyles
–
Trochlea
–
Ulna and radius (forearm bones)
–
Distal projection (styloid process)
–
Olecranon
–
Trochlear notch (semilunar notch)
–
Carpal bones
–
Metacarpal bones
–
Phalanges (finger bones)
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Question:
Where is the olecranon?
a. On the proximal end of the ulna
b. On the proximal end of the humerus
c. On the distal end of the radius
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Answer:
a. On the proximal end of the ulna
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The shoulder girdle and scapula.
ZOOMING IN • What does the prefix supra mean? • What does
the prefix infra mean?
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Question:
What is the anatomic term for fingers and
toes?
a. tarsals
b. phalanges
c. carpals
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Answer:
b. phalanges
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The Lower Division of the Appendicular
Skeleton
•The pelvic bones
–
Ilium
• Iliac crest
• Anterior superior iliac spine
–
Ischium
• Ischial spine
• Ischial tuberosity
–
Pubis
• Pubic symphysis
• Acetabulum
• Obturator foramen
• Ossa coxae
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The pelvic bones.
ZOOMING IN • What bone is nicknamed the “sit bone”?
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Comparison of male and female pelvis, anterior view.
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The Lower Division of the Appendicular
Skeleton, cont’ d
•The lower extremity
–
Femur
• Greater trochanter
• Lesser trochanter
• Linea aspera
–
Patella
–
Tibia (shin bone)
• Medial malleolus
–
Fibula
• Lateral malleolus
–
Tarsal bones
• Calcaneus (heel bone)
–
Metatarsal bones
–
Phalanges
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The right femur
(thigh bone).
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Tibia and fibula of
the right leg.
ZOOMING IN
• What is the medial
bone of the leg?
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Checkpoint 7-9: What division of the skeleton consists of
the bones of the shoulder girdle, hip, and extremities?
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Disorders of Bone
•Metabolic diseases
•Tumors
•Infections
•Structural problems
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Metabolic Disorders
Characterized by a lack of normal bone formation or excess
loss of bone tissue
•Osteoporosis
– Osteopenia
•Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans)
•Osteomalacia (in children, rickets)
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Tumors
Two types found in bone tissue
•Benign
•Malignant
– Osteosarcomas
– Chondrosarcomas
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Infection
Two types found in bone tissue
•Osteomyelitis
– Inflammation of the bone caused by pyogenic
bacteria
•Tuberculosis
– Pott disease (tuberculosis of the spine)
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Structural Disorders
•Curvatures of the spine
– Kyphosis (hunchback)
– Lordosis (swayback)
– Scoliosis
•Cleft palate
•Flatfoot
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Fractures
Types of fractures
•Closed
•Open
•Greenstick
•Impacted
•Comminuted
•Spiral
•Transverse
•Oblique
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Question:
This type of bone fracture, in which one side of the bone is
bent, the other broken, is most common in children. What
is it?
a. comminuted
b. spiral
c. greenstick
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Answer:
c. greenstick
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Skeletal Changes in the Aging
Bones undergo significant changes
•Loss of calcium salts
•Decrease in protein
•Reduction in collagen
•Loss of height
•Decrease in chest diameter
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The Joints
Classified by material between adjoining bones and by
degree of movement permitted
•Fibrous
– Synarthrosis (immovable)
•Cartilaginous
– Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
•Synovial
– Diarthrosis (freely movable)
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Checkpoint 7-10: What are the three types of joints
classified according to the type of material between the
adjoining bones?
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More About Synovial Joints
Bones are joined by other structures in synovial joints
•Ligaments
•Joint capsule
•Hyaline (articular) cartilage
•Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus
•Fat
•Bursae
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Structure of a
synovial joint.
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Types of Synovial Joints
Classified by types of movement they allow
•Gliding
•Hinge
•Pivot
•Condyloid
•Saddle
•Ball-and-socket
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Question:
What type of joint is your elbow?
a. hinge joint
b. ball-and-socket joint
c. saddle joint
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Answer:
a. hinge joint
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Movement at Synovial Joints
•Flexion
•Extension
•Abduction
•Adduction
•Circumduction
•Rotation
Movements characteristic of forearm and ankle
•Supination
•Pronation
•Inversion
•Eversion
•Dorsiflexion
•Plantar flexion
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Question:
Doing “Jumping Jacks” exercises is a
perfect example of what synovial joint
movement(s)?
a. flexion/extension
b. abduction/adduction
c. inversion/eversion
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Answer:
b. abduction/adduction
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Checkpoint 7-11: What is the most freely movable type
of joint?
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Disorders of Joints
•Mechanical disorders
–
Dislocation
–
Sprain
•Herniated disk
•Arthritis
–
Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease [DJD])
–
Rheumatoid arthritis
–
Septic (infectious) arthritis
–
Gout
•Backache
–
Vertebrae diseases
–
Intervertebral disk disorders
–
Supporting structure abnormalities
–
Abdominopelvic disorders
–
Lumbosacral joint strains
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Arthroscopic
examination of
the knee.
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Checkpoint 7-12: What is the most common type of joint
disorder?
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End of Presentation
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