Download Radiological anatomy of the chest

Radiological Anatomy
Of
The Chest
Objectives
By the end of the lecture the students should be able to:
1- Identify the bones of the thoracic cage.
2- Identify superficial soft tissues.
3- Identify the trachea and lunge fields.
4- Describe the mediastinum and the cardiac shadows.
5- Brief knowledge about Bronchography.
6- Brief knowledge about Coronary Angiography.
Radiography
Different views of the
chest can be obtained by
changing the relative
orientation of the body
and the direction of the
x-ray beams.
The most common
views are:
Posteroanterior(PA),
Anteroposterior (AP),
Lateral .
Radiography
A chest x-ray may be used to diagnose and plan treatment for
various conditions, including:
Fractures of the bones in the chest, including ribs, sternum,
clavicle, scapula and vertebrae.
Lung disorders such as pneumonia, emphysema, pleural
effusion, tuberculosis and lung cancer.
Heart disorders such as congestive heart failure (which causes
the heart to enlarge).
Chest radiographs are also used to screen for job-related lung
diseases in industries such as mining where workers are
exposed to dust, (asbestosis).
Chest x-ray is also requested as preemployment demand.
Posteroanterior
radiograph
For Posteroanterior
radiograph the
following systems
must be examined in
order.
Superficial soft
tissues; the nipples in
both sexes and the
breast in female are
seen superimposed
on the lung fields.
Posteroanterior
radiograph
(Bones)
Bones of the thoracic
cage (anterior ribs,
posterior ribs).
Thoracic vertebrae.
Cost-transverse
joints.
Clavicles.
Medial border of the
scapula.
Posteroanterior
radiograph
(Diaphragm)
 The diaphragm
appears as a domeshaped shadow on each
side; the right side is
slightly higher than the
left.
Beneath the right
dome is the
homogeneous, dense
shadow of the liver.
Beneath the left dome
a gas bubble mostly
seen in the fundus of
the stomach.
Posteroanterior
radiograph
(Diaphragm)
Note the costophrenic angle, where
the diaphragm meets
the thoracic wall.
The angle becomes
blunt or obscured due
to pleural fluid
(effusion) or fibrosis.
Posteroanterior
radiograph
(Trachea)
The radio-translucent,
air-filled shadow of the
trachea is seen in the
midline of the neck as
a dark area.
This is superimposed
by the lower cervical
and upper thoracic
vertebrae.
Posteroanterior
radiograph
(Lungs)
Lung roots:
relatively dense
shadows caused by the
presence of the bloodfilled pulmonary and
bronchial vessels, the
large bronchi, and the
lymph nodes.
Lower margin of left
hilum is at the level of
upper margin of right
hilum.
Posteroanterior
radiograph
(Lungs)
The lung fields, by the air
so they are more translucent
on full inspiration than on
expiration.
The pulmonary blood
vessels are seen as a series of
small, rounded, white
shadows radiating from the
lung root.
The large bronchi, are seen
as similar round shadows.
The smaller bronchi are not
seen.
Posteroanterior
radiograph
(Mediastinum)
The right border of
the mediastinum;
consists of:
Right brachiocephalic
vein,
Superior vena cava,
Right atrium, and
Inferior vena cava.
Posteroanterior
radiograph
(Mediastinum)
The left border of
mediastinum consists
of:
Aortic knuckle,
knob (aortic arch),
Pulmonary trunk,
Left auricle,
Left ventricle.
Posteroanterior
radiograph
(Mediastinum)
The transverse
diameter of the heart
should not exceed half
the width of thoracic
cage.
On deep inspiration,
when the diaphragm
descends, the vertical
length of the heart
increases and the
transverse diameter is
narrowed.
Bronchography and
contrast visualization
of the esophagus
Bronchography;
It is special study
of the bronchial tree
by introduction of
contrast medium into
a particular bronchus.
Bronchography and
contrast visualization
of the esophagus
Contrast visualization
of the esophagus by
swallow a contrast
media, (barium
swallow).
Identification of the
aortic arch and left
bronchus.
Identification of
enlargement of left
atrium.
Coronary
Angiography
The coronary arteries are
visualized by introduction
of radio-opaque material
into their lumen.
Pathological narrowing
or blockage of coronary
artery can be identified.