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Chapter 2 The Human Body in Health and Disease © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Anatomic Reference Systems • Describe the location and functions of body parts using: – – – – Body planes Body directions Body cavities Structural units © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Standard Anatomical Position © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning ANTERIOR VS POSTERIOR • Anterior refers to the front of the body • Posterior refers to the back of the body © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning BODY PLANES • LINE THROUGH THE BODY AT VARIOUS PARTS TO SEPARATE THE BODY INTO SECTIONS © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning TRANSVERSE PLANE • ONE OF THREE MAIN PLANES © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning TRANSVERSE PLANE • DIVIDES BODY INTO TOP AND BOTTOM HALF © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning CORONAL PLANE © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning SUPERIOR • BODY PARTS ABOVE OTHER PARTS © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning INFERIOR • BODY PARTS BELOW OTHER PARTS © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning CAUDAL • BODY PARTS LOCATED NEAR THE SACRAL REGION OF THE SPINAL COLUMN OR TAIL © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning CRANIAL • BODY PARTS LOCATED NEAR THE HEAD © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning MIDSAGITTAL OR MEDIAN PLANE • SECOND OF THREE PLANES © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning MIDSAGITTAL OR MEDIAN PLANE • DIVIDES THE BODY INTO RIGHT AND LEFT SIDES © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning MEDIAL • BODY PARTS CLOSE TO MIDLINE OR PLANE © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning LATERAL • BODY PARTS AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE OR PLANE © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning VENTRAL OR ANTERIOR • BODY PARTS IN FRONT OF THE BODY • ANTERIOR IS THE TERM FOR DIRECTION • VENTRAL IS THE TERM FOR MOVEMENT © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning DORSAL OR POSTERIOR • BODY PARTS IN BACK OF THE BODY • POSTERIOR IS THE TERM OF DIRECTION • DORSAL IS THE TERM OF MOVEMENT © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning PROXIMAL • BODY PARTS CLOSE TO THE POINT O R REFERENCE • EXAMPLE MAIN TRUNK OF THE BODY IS A POINT OF REFERENCE TO THE ARMS AND LEGS • EXAMPLE : THE NOSE IS PROXIMAL TO THE SHOULDER © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning DISTAL • BODY PARTS AWAY FROM THE POINT OF REFERENCE • EXAMPLE: TOES ARE DISTAL TO THE THIGH © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Major Body Cavities © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Quadrants of the Abdomen © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Regions of the Thorax and Abdomen © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Cytology • The study of the formation, structure, and function of cells, including: – Chromosomes – DNA – Genetics © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Histology • The study of tissues, which are composed of cells that join together to perform specific functions, including: – – – – Nervous Tissue Epithelial Tissues Connective Tissues Muscle Tissue © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Glands • Specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body, including: – Exocrine Glands – Endocrine Glands © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Organ and Body Systems • Body parts are organized into systems according to function. • Examples: – Skeletal System – Muscular System – Cardiovascular System © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Pathology • The study of structural and functional changes caused by disease. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning CHROMOSOMES • The nucleus of each cell contains 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs • Sex cells are known as gametes © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
