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Joints and Body
Movement
Introduction to Muscle
Five Golden Rules of Skeletal Muscle
Activity
1. All skeletal muscles cross at least 1 joint.
2. The bulk of a skeletal muscle lies proximal
to the joint crossed.
3. All skeletal muscles have at least 2
attachments: origin and insertion.
4. Skeletal muscles can only pull they never
push.
5. During contraction, a skeletal muscle
insertion moves toward the origin.
Muscles and Body Movements
• Movement is attained due to a muscle
moving an attached bone
• Muscles are attached to at least two points
• Origin
• Attachment to a moveable bone
• Insertion
• Attachment to an immovable bone
Muscles and Body Movements
Joints
• Definition of joint
• Area where two bone articulate (come together)
• Two major functions
• Hold bones together
• Allow for mobility – fewer joints produce robot type
motion.
• Classification
• Functionally – degree of motion allowed
• Structurally - based on tissue and anatomy of the joint
Functional Classification
• Synarthrosis
• no movement (sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis)
• Amphiarthrotic
• Slight degree of movement (sychondrosis, symphsis)
• Diarthrotic
• Freely moveable
• Differ from one another in terms of specific degrees of
movement allowed between bony surfaces
• Six types – Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid, Saddle, Ball and
socket, Gliding or plane.
Structural Classification - Fibrous
• Bones held together by dense collagen fibers with little
elasticity and no spaces between bones
• 3 types
• Sutures – irregular edges of bone held together by short
fibers, not moveable, skull bones
• Syndesmoses – bones connected by a long fibrous
connective tissue which allows for a slight amount of
movement – interosseous membrane in arm and leg
• Gomphosis – tooth attachment to maxilla or mandible –
specialized ligaments are strong and cause joint to be
immoveable
Structural - cartilaginous
• Tissue made of collagen which has a gel-like
quality making it flexible and strong. A great shock
absorber.
• 2 kinds
• synchondrosism
• growth plate
• between first rib and sternum
• between manubrium and sternal body
• Symphyses
• greater elasticity and flexibility
• Found between vertebrae – allows movement but
keeps bones in place.
• Also pubic area – pubic symphasis
Structural - synovial
• Articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity
which contains synovial fluid
• Synovial capsule is lined with a smooth connective tissue
membrane.
• Articulating surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage
• Articular capsule is reinforced with ligaments
• Bursa sacs of the tendon sheaths reduce friction where
the ligament and muscle cross the bone.
• All are freely moveable in single or multiple planes
Typical synovial joint
Types of synovial joints
• Hinge
• Concave surface on a convex surface
• Elbow , knee
• Uniaxial movement – usually flexion and extension
• Pivot
• One bone rotates on a fixed landmark
• Atlas and axis, radius and ulna
• Uniaxial rotation
• Condyloid
• Oval condyle of one bone fits into an oval depression in
another
• Mandible on temporal bone, metacarpal on proximal
phalange
• Biaxal –two way movement
Types of Synovial Joints
• Saddle
• Articulating bones are saddle shaped
• Joint between the thumb and trapezium (carpal) bone
• Movement is biaxial – two planes
• Gliding or plane
• 2 semi flat surfaces facing one another
• Facets of the vertebrae: intercarpal and intertarsal joints
• Sliding movements
• Ball and Socket
• Round sphere fits into a cup
• Shoulder, hip
• Movement in all directions
Inflammatory Conditions
Associated with Joints
• Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa; usually caused by
a blow or friction
• Tendonitis – inflammation of the tendon sheaths due
to overuse
• Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of
joints
• Osteoarthritis – most common chronic form due to
normal aging
• Rheumatoid – autoimmune disease – Immune system
attacks joints
• Gouty arthritis – inflammation of joints is caused by
uric acid deposits crystallized from the blood – treated
with dietary changes.
Types of Body Movements
• Flexion
• Angle between 2 body parts decreases
• Brings two bones closer together
• Typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow
• Extension
• Angle between 2 body parts increases
• Hyperextension
• Excessive increase in angle between 2 body
parts
• Lateral flexion
• Bending the vertebral column to the right or left
of midline
Body Movements
Body Movements
Body Movements
• Rotation
• Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis
• Common in ball-and-socket joints
• Example is when you move atlas around the dens of axis
(shake your head “no”)
Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Body Movements
• Abduction
• Movement of a limb away from the midline
• Adduction
• Opposite of abduction
• Movement of a limb toward the midline
• Circumduction
• Combination of flexion, extension, abduction,
and adduction
• Extremity moves in a large circle
• Common in ball-and-socket joints
Body Movements
Body Movements
• Dorsiflexion
• Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches
the shin – pointed skyward
• Plantar flexion
• Extend ankle until toes downward – toes to floor
Body Movements
• Inversion
• Turn sole of foot medially - inward
• Eversion
• Turn sole of foot laterally – to the side
Body Movements
• Supination
• Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces up
• Pronation
• Forearm rotates medially so palm faces downward
Body Movements
• Opposition
• Move thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the
same hand
Body Movements
• Elevation
• to move a body part up like shrugging
shoulders.
• Depression
• to move body part downward – pushing
shoulders down
• Protraction
• move body part forward like your jaw
• Retraction
• move body part to the back like your jaw
Types of Muscles
• Prime mover—muscle with the major
responsibility for a certain movement
• Antagonist—muscle that opposes or
reverses a prime mover
• Synergist—muscle that aids a prime mover
in a movement and helps prevent rotation
• Fixator—stabilizes the origin of a prime
mover
Naming Skeletal Muscles
• By direction of muscle fibers
• Example: Rectus (straight)
• By relative size of the muscle
• Example: Maximus (largest)
• By location of the muscle
• Example: Temporalis (temporal bone)
• By number of origins
• Example: Triceps (three heads)
• By action of the muscle
• Example: flexor or extensor – flexes or extends a bone
Naming Skeletal Muscles
• By location of the muscle’s origin and insertion
• Example: Sterno (on the sternum)
• By shape of the muscle
• Example: Deltoid (triangular)
Arrangement
of Fascicles
Head and Neck Muscles
• Frontalis
• raises eyebrows
• Origin – cranial aponeurosis
• Insertion – Skin of eyebrows and nose
• Occipitalis
• Pulls scalp posteriorly
• Origin – occipital and temporal bone
• Insertion – cranial aponeurosis
• Orbicularis oculi
• closes eyes, squints, blinks, winks
• Origin – Frontal and maxillary bone
• Insertion – tissue of eyelids
Head and Neck Muscles
• Orbicularis oris
• Action -closes mouth and protrudes the lips
• Origin – Maxilla and Mandible
• Insertion – Muscle and skin at angle of mouth
• Buccinator
• Action - flattens the cheek, chews
• Origin – maxilla and mandible
• Insertion – obicularis oris
• Zygomaticus
• Action - raises corners of the mouth
• Origin – Zygomatic bone
• Insertion – Skin and muscle at corner of mouth
Head and Neck Muscles
• Masseter
• Action - closes the jaw and elevates mandible
• Origin – Zygomatic process
• Insertion – Mandible
• Temporalis
• Action - synergist of the masseter, closes jaw
• Origin – Temporal bone
• Insertion - Mandible
• Platysma
• Action -pulls the corners of the mouth inferiorly
• Origin – Fascia of chest
• Insertion – Lower edge of mandible
Head and Neck Muscles
• Sternocleidomastoid
• Action - flexes the neck, rotates the head
• Origin – Sternum and Clavicle
• Insertion – Mastoid process
• Sternohyoid
• Action – depresses larynx and hyoid bone
• Origin - manubrium
• Insertion – hyoid bone
Head and Neck Muscles
Muscles of the Shoulder
• Trapezius
• Action – Extends neck, adducts scapula
• Origin – Occipital bone, cervical and thoracic
vertbrae
• Insertion – Acromion and spinous process of scapula,
clavicle
• Deltoid
• Action – arm abduction, flexion, extension and rotation of
humerus
• Origin – clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
• Insertion – Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Muscles of the Shoulder
• Infraspinatus
• Action – rotates humerus laterally
• Origin – scapula
• Insertion – greater tubercule of humerus
• Teres minor
• Action – rotates humerus laterally
• Origin – scapula
• Insertion – greater tubercule of humerus
• Teres major
• Action – Extends, rotates and adducts humerus
• Origin – scapula
• Insertion – lesser tubercle
Shoulder
Muscles of Arm
• Triceps brachii
• Action – extends lower arm
• Origin – glenoid cavity, posterior humerus
• Insertion – olecranon process of ulna
• Biceps brachii
• Action –flexes elbow and supinates forearm
• Origin – coracoid process of scapula
• Insertion – Proximal radius
• Brachialis
• Action – major arm flexion
• Origin – anterior surface of distal humerus
• Insertion – Coronoid process of ulna
Muscles of Forearm
• Pronator teres
• Action – pronates forearm
• Origin – Distal humerus and coronoid process of ulna
• Insertion – Radius
• Brachioradialis
• Action – Forearm flexion
• Origin – Distal humerus
• Insertion – Styloid process of radius
• Flexor carpi radialis
• Action – flexes wrist and abducts hand
• Origin – medial epicondyle of humerus
• Insertion – Second and third metacarpals
Muscles of Forearm
• Palmaris longus
• Action – weak wrist flexor
• Origin – medial epicondyle of humerus
• Insertion – fascia of palm
• Extensor carpi radialis longus
• Action – extends wrist, abducts wrist
• Origin – lateral condylar ridge of humerus
• Insertion – second metacarpal
• Flexor carpi ulnaris
• Action – flexes wrist, adducts hand
• Origin – Distal humerus and posterior ulna
• Insertion – Fifth metacarpal and carpals
Muscles of Forearm
• Extensor digitorium
• Action – extends finger, extends wrist
• Origin – Lateral epicondyle of humerus
• Insertion – Distal phalanges of 2-5 finger
• Extensor carpi ulnaris
• Action – Extends and adducts wrist
• Origin – Lateral epicondyle of humerus
• Insertion – Fifth metacarpal
Thorax Muscles
• Pectoralis major
• Action – flexes arm, adducts and medially rotates
arm
• Origin – clavicle, sternum, and cartilare of first 6
ribs
• Insertion – greater tubercle of humerus
• Serratus anterior
• Action – Rotates scapula
• Origin – ribs 1 – 8
• Insertion – anterior surface of medial border of
scapula
Abdominal muscles
• Rectus abdominus
• Action – Flex and rotate lumbar region of vertebrae
• Origin – pubic crest and pubic symphysis
• Insertion – Xiphoid process and costal cartilage of
ribs 5-7
• External oblique
• Action – flex vertebral column and compress
abdominal wall, trunk rotation and lateral flexion
• Origin – lower eight ribs
• Insertion – linea alba, pubic crest, iliac crest
Abdominal muscles
• Internal oblique
• Action - flex vertebral column and compress abdominal
• Origin – lumbar fascia
• Insertion – linea alba, pubic crest, last 3 ribs
• Transverse abdominus
• Action – compresses abdominal contents
• Origin – inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, cartilages of
last 6 ribs, iliac crest
• Insertion – linea alba, pubic crest
Hip Muscles
• Gluteus medius
• Action – Abducts, and medially rotates thigh;
steadies pelvis while walking
• Origin – side of illium
• Insertion – greater trochanter of femur
• Gluteus maximus
• Action – hip extender – climbing
• Origin – Ilium, sacrum and coccyx
• Insertion – Gluteal tuberosity of femur
Back
• Latissimus dorsi
• Action – extends arm, adducts arm and rotates
arm medially at shoulder
• Origin – spinous process of thoracic vertebrae 712, iliac crest, ribs 8-12
• Insertion – intertubercular groove of humerus
Muscles of Back
Pelvis / Thigh
• Tensor Fasciae Lata
• Action – Abducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh
• Origin – anterior iliac crest and anterior superior spine
• Insertion – fascia lata (connective tissue)
• Iliopsas
• Action – flexes thigh (bow) and flexes vertebrae laterally
• Origin – iliac crest and ala of sacrum; lumbar vertebrae
• Insertion – lesser trochanter
• Sartorius
• Action – Flexes and abducts thigh; lateral rotation of leg
• Origin – above anterior superior iliac spine
• Insertion – medial side of proximal tibia
Pelvis / Thigh
• Pectineus
• Action – Adduction, flexion and medial rotation of the
hip
• Origin – Superior pubic ramus
• Insertion – Lesser trochanter
• Adductior longus
• Action – Adduction, flexion and medial rotation of the
hip
• Origin – Pubic body just below crest
• Insertion – linea aspera (trochanter area of femur)
• Gracilis
• Action – Adduction, flexion and medial rotation of hip;
also assist with knee flexion (walking)
• Origin – pubic and ischial ramus
• Insertion - tibia
Pelvis / Thigh - Quads
• Rectus femoris
• Action – extends knee, flexes hip
• Origin – Anterior inferior iliac spine and acetabulum
• Insertion – patella and tibial tuberosity
• Vastus lateralis
• Action- knee extension
• Origin- greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line and
linea aspera of femur
• Insertion- Patella and tibial tuberosity
• Vastus medialis
• Action – knee extension
• Origin - Femur
• Insertion – Patella and tibial tuberosity
• Vastus intermedius – deep muscle
Pelvis / Thigh - Hamstrings
• Biceps femoris
• Action – Flex knee and extend hip
• Origin – ischial tuberosity, linea aspera and femur
• Insertion – the head of fibula
• Semitendinosus
• Action – Extends hip, flexes knee and rotates knee
medially
• Origin – Ischial tuberosity
• Insertion – medial side of upper tibia
• Semimembranosus
• Action – Extends hip, flexes knee, medially rotates knee
• Origin – Ischial tuberosity
• Insertion – Medial surface of tibia
Pelvis / Thigh
• Adductor magnus
• Action – adducts and medially rotates and flexes
thigh
• Origin – ischial and pubic ramus, ischial tuberosity
• Insertion – linea aspera of femur
Leg
• Fibularis (peroneus) longus
• Action – Plantar flexion and pronation of foot
• Origin –fibula
• Insertion – first meta tarsal and medial cuniform
• Tibialis anterior
• Action – dorsiflexion of ankle and supination of foot
• Origin – body of tibia
• Insertion – medial cuniform and first metatarsal
• Extensor digitorum longus
• Action – Extends the 4 toes, dorsiflexion, and eversion
of ankle
• Origin – Lateral condyle of tibia, interosseous
membrane
• Insertion – Middle and distal phalanges of 4 toes
Leg
• Gastronemius
• Action – Plantar flexion of ankle and flexion of knee
• Origin – posterior femur condyles
• Insertion – Achilles tendon to posterior calcaneous
• Soleus
• Action – plantar flexion, inversion of foot
• Origin – fibula and medial border of tibia
• Insertion – Achilles tendon