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11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand – Originate on humerus and insert on forearm – Exceptions: • The major flexor (biceps brachii) • The major extensor (triceps brachii) 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand – Extensors • Mainly on posterior and lateral surfaces of arm – Flexors • Mainly on anterior and medial surfaces 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Flexors of the Elbow – Biceps brachii • Flexes elbow • Stabilizes shoulder joint • Originates on scapula • Inserts on radial tuberosity – Brachialis and brachioradialis Figure 11-16b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand Coracoid process of scapula Humerus Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii, short head Biceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, medial head Brachialis Medial epicondyle of humerus Pronator teres Brachioradialis Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis Pronator quadratus Flexor retinaculum Anterior view, superficial layer 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Extensors of the Elbow – Triceps brachii • Extends elbow • Originates on scapula • Inserts on olecranon – Anconeus • Opposes brachialis Figure 11-16a Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand Triceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, lateral head Brachioradialis Olecranon of ulna Anconeus Extensor carpi radialis longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum Ulna Extensor carpi radialis brevis Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor retinaculum Posterior view, superficial layer Table 11-13 Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand (Figure 11–16) 11-6 Appendicular Musculature A&P FLIX Muscles of the Elbow Joint (a) A&P FLIX Muscles of the Elbow Joint (b) A&P FLIX Muscles of the Elbow Joint (c) 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Flexors of the Wrist – Palmaris longus • Superficial, flexes wrist – Flexor carpi ulnaris • Superficial, flexes wrist, adducts wrist – Flexor carpi radialis • Superficial, flexes wrist, abducts wrist Figure 11-16b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand Coracoid process of scapula Humerus Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii, short head Biceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, medial head Brachialis Medial epicondyle of humerus Pronator teres Brachioradialis Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis Pronator quadratus Flexor retinaculum Anterior view, superficial layer 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Extensors of the Wrist – Extensor carpi radialis • Superficial, extends wrist, abducts wrist – Extensor carpi ulnaris • Superficial, extends wrist, adducts wrist Figure 11-16a Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand Triceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, lateral head Brachioradialis Olecranon of ulna Anconeus Extensor carpi radialis longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum Ulna Extensor carpi radialis brevis Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor retinaculum Posterior view, superficial layer Table 11-13 Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand (Figure 11–16) 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand – Pronation and supination • Pronator teres and supinator – Originate on humerus and ulna – Rotate radius • Pronator quadratus – Originates on ulna – Assists pronator teres 11-6 Appendicular Musculature A&P FLIX Muscles of the Forearm (a) A&P FLIX Muscles of the Forearm (b) A&P FLIX Muscles of the Forearm (c) Figure 11-16b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand Coracoid process of scapula Humerus Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii, short head Biceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, medial head Brachialis Medial epicondyle of humerus Pronator teres Brachioradialis Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis Pronator quadratus Flexor retinaculum Anterior view, superficial layer Figure 11-17b Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Supinator Brachialis Cut tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis Muscles That Flex the Fingers and Thumb Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus Pronator quadratus Anterior view, deepest layer Figure 11-17d Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Anconeus Supinator Muscles That Move the Thumb Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis Extensor pollicis brevis Ulna Tendon of extensor digiti minimi (cut) Radius Tendon of extensor digitorum (cut) Posterior view, deepest layer Table 11-13 Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand (Figure 11–16) 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers – Also called extrinsic muscles of the hand – Lie entirely within forearm – Only tendons cross wrist (in synovial tendon sheaths) Figure 11-17a Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Tendon of biceps brachii Median nerve Pronator teres (cut) Brachial artery Radius Flexor carpi ulnaris (retracted) Brachioradialis (retracted) Muscles That Flex the Fingers and Thumb Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus LATERAL MEDIAL Anterior view, middle layer Figure 11-17b Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Supinator Brachialis Cut tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis Muscles That Flex the Fingers and Thumb Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus Pronator quadratus Anterior view, deepest layer Figure 11-17c Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Anconeus Muscles That Extend the Fingers Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Tendon of extensor pollicis longus MEDIAL LATERAL Posterior view, middle layer Figure 11-17d Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Anconeus Supinator Muscles That Move the Thumb Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis Extensor pollicis brevis Ulna Tendon of extensor digiti minimi (cut) Radius Tendon of extensor digitorum (cut) Posterior view, deepest layer 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Tendon Sheaths – Extensor retinaculum • Wide band of connective tissue • Posterior surface of wrist • Stabilizes tendons of extensor muscles Figure 11-18b Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Tendon of extensor indicis Tendons of extensor digitorum Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand First dorsal interosseus muscle Tendon of extensor digiti minimi Abductor digiti minimi Tendon of extensor pollicis longus Tendon of extensor pollicis brevis Tendon of extensor carpi ulnaris Tendon of extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor retinaculum Tendon of extensor carpi radialis brevis Right hand, posterior view 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Tendon Sheaths – Flexor retinaculum • Anterior surface of wrist • Stabilizes tendons of flexor muscles Figure 11-18a Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus Tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis Synovial sheaths Tendons of flexor digitorum Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Tendon of flexor pollicis longus Lumbricals Palmar interosseus Intrinsic Muscles of the Thumb First dorsal interosseus Adductor pollicis Abductor digiti minimi Flexor pollicis brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Opponens digiti minimi Opponens pollicis Palmaris brevis (cut) Flexor retinaculum Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris Abductor pollicis brevis Tendon of palmaris longus Tendon of flexor carpi radialis Right hand, anterior (palmar) view Table 11-14 Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers (Figure 11–17) 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • The Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand – Muscles that move the metacarpals and phalanges • And originate and insert only on those bones Figure 11-18a Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus Tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis Synovial sheaths Tendons of flexor digitorum Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Tendon of flexor pollicis longus Lumbricals Palmar interosseus Intrinsic Muscles of the Thumb First dorsal interosseus Adductor pollicis Abductor digiti minimi Flexor pollicis brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Opponens digiti minimi Opponens pollicis Palmaris brevis (cut) Flexor retinaculum Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris Abductor pollicis brevis Tendon of palmaris longus Tendon of flexor carpi radialis Right hand, anterior (palmar) view Figure 11-18b Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Tendon of extensor indicis Tendons of extensor digitorum Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand First dorsal interosseus muscle Tendon of extensor digiti minimi Abductor digiti minimi Tendon of extensor pollicis longus Tendon of extensor pollicis brevis Tendon of extensor carpi ulnaris Tendon of extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor retinaculum Tendon of extensor carpi radialis brevis Right hand, posterior view Table 11-15 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand (Figure 11–18) 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs – Pelvic girdle is tightly bound to axial skeleton • Permits little movement • Has few muscles 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Position the Lower Limbs – Three Groups 1. Muscles that move the thigh 2. Muscles that move the leg 3. Muscles that move the foot and toes 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Move the Thigh – Gluteal muscles – Lateral rotators – Adductors – Iliopsoas 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Gluteal Muscles – Gluteus maximus • Largest, most posterior gluteal muscle • Produces extension and lateral rotation at hip – Tensor fasciae latae • Works with gluteus maximus • Stabilizes iliotibial tract – Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus • Originate anterior to gluteus maximus • Insert on trochanter Figure 11-19a Muscles That Move the Thigh Iliac crest Sacrum Gluteal Group Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus (cut) Gluteus maximus Gluteus minimus Gluteal region, posterior view Figure 11-19b Muscles That Move the Thigh Gluteal Group Gluteus medius Sartorius Gluteus maximus Tensor fasciae latae Rectus femoris Iliotibial tract Vastus lateralis Biceps femoris, long head Biceps femoris, short head Semimembranosus Patella Plantaris Head of fibula Patellar ligament Lateral view Table 11-16 Muscles That Move the Thigh (Figure 11–19) 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Lateral Rotators – Group of six muscles, including the dominant: 1. Piriformis 2. Obturator Figure 11-19c Muscles That Move the Thigh Gluteal Group Gluteus maximus (cut) Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteus minimus Tensor fasciae latae Lateral Rotator Group Piriformis Superior gemellus Obturator internus Inferior gemellus Quadratus femoris Ischial tuberosity Iliotibial tract Posterior view, deep muscles Table 11-16 Muscles That Move the Thigh (Figure 11–19) 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Adductors – Adductor magnus • Produces adduction, extension, and flexion – Adductor brevis • Hip flexion and adduction – Adductor longus • Hip flexion and adduction 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Adductors – Pectineus • Hip flexion and adduction – Gracilis • Hip flexion and adduction Figure 11-19d Muscles That Move the Thigh Iliopsoas Group Psoas major Iliacus L5 Lateral Rotator Group Inguinal ligament Piriformis Obturator internus Adductor Group Obturator externus Pectineus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis Anterior view of the iliopsoas muscle and the adductor group Table 11-16 Muscles That Move the Thigh (Figure 11–19) 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Iliopsoas – Two hip flexors insert on the same tendon 1. Psoas major 2. Iliacus Figure 11-19d Muscles That Move the Thigh Iliopsoas Group Psoas major Iliacus L5 Lateral Rotator Group Inguinal ligament Piriformis Obturator internus Adductor Group Obturator externus Pectineus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis Anterior view of the iliopsoas muscle and the adductor group Table 11-16 Muscles That Move the Thigh (Figure 11–19) 11-6 Appendicular Musculature A&P FLIX Muscles that Act on the Hip Joint and Femur: An Overview A&P FLIX Anterior Muscles that Cross the Hip Joint A&P FLIX Medial Muscles that Cross the Hip Joint A&P FLIX Posterior Muscles that Cross the Hip Joint 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Move the Leg – Flexors of the knee • Originate on the pelvic girdle – Extensors of the knee • Originate on the femoral surface • Insert on the patella 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Flexors of the Knee – Hamstrings • Biceps femoris • Semimembranosus • Semitendinosus – Sartorius • Originates superior to the acetabulum Figure 11-20a Muscles That Move the Leg Iliac crest Gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Gracilis Iliotibial tract Flexors of the Knee Biceps femoris, long head Biceps femoris, short head Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Sartorius Popliteus Hip and thigh, posterior view 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Extensors of the Knee – Four muscles of the quadriceps femoris • Three vastus muscles • Rectus femoris muscle Figure 11-20b Muscles That Move the Leg Anterior superior iliac spine Inguinal ligament Gluteus medius Iliacus Psoas major Iliopsoas Pubic tubercle Tensor fasciae latae Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Sartorius Extensors of the Knee (Quadriceps muscles) Iliotibial tract Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Quadriceps tendon Patella Patellar ligament Quadriceps and thigh muscles, anterior view Table 11-17 Muscles That Move the Leg (Figure 11–20) Figure 11-20c Muscles That Move the Leg POSTERIOR Sciatic nerve Flexors of the Knee Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Biceps femoris, long head Femur Extensors of the Knee (Quadriceps muscles) Biceps femoris, short head Gracilis Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Sartorius Vastus medialis Rectus femoris Adductor magnus Adductor longus ANTERIOR Sectional view 11-6 Appendicular Musculature A&P FLIX Muscles that Cross the Knee Joint: An Overview A&P FLIX Anterior Extensors that Act on the Knee A&P FLIX Posterior Flexors that Act on the Knee 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes – Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes include: • Muscles that produce extension at the ankle • Muscles that produce flexion at the ankle • Muscles that produce extension at the toes • Muscles that produce flexion at the toes 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Four Muscles That Produce Extension (Plantar Flexion) at the Ankle 1. Gastrocnemius 2. Soleus 3. Fibularis (group) 4. Tibialis posterior Figure 11-21a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Superficial Dissection Ankle Extensors Plantaris Gastrocnemius, medial head Gastrocnemius, lateral head Soleus Gastrocnemius (cut and removed) Calcaneal tendon Calcaneus Posterior views Popliteus Figure 11-21a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Deep Dissection Head of fibula Ankle Extensors (Deep) Tibialis posterior Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Digital Flexors Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Tendon of flexor digitorum longus Tendon of fibularis brevis Tendon of fibularis longus Posterior views 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes – The Achilles Tendon • The calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) – Shared by the gastrocnemius and soleus 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Produce Flexion (Dorsiflexion) at the Ankle – Tibialis anterior • Opposes the gastrocnemius 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Produce Extension at the Toes – Extensor digitorum longus – Extensor hallucis longus • Extensor retinacula fibrous sheaths – Hold tendons of toes as they cross the ankle Figure 11-21b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Iliotibial tract Head of fibula Ankle Extensors Gastrocnemius, lateral head Ankle Flexors Tibialis anterior Fibularis longus Soleus Fibularis brevis Digital Extensors Extensor digitorum longus Superior extensor retinaculum Tendon of extensor hallucis longus Calcaneal tendon Inferior extensor retinaculum Lateral view Figure 11-21c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Patella Medial surface of tibial shaft Patellar ligament Ankle Flexors Ankle Extensors Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius, medial head Soleus Tibialis posterior Digital Extensors Superior extensor retinaculum Tendon of extensor hallucis longus Calcaneal tendon Flexor retinaculum Inferior extensor retinaculum Tendon of tibialis anterior Medial view 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Produce Flexion at the Toes – Flexor digitorum longus – Flexor hallucis longus • Oppose the extensors Figure 11-21a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Deep Dissection Head of fibula Ankle Extensors (Deep) Tibialis posterior Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Digital Flexors Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Tendon of flexor digitorum longus Tendon of fibularis brevis Tendon of fibularis longus Posterior views Table 11-18 Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (Figure 11–21) Table 11-18 Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (Figure 11–21) 11-6 Appendicular Musculature A&P FLIX Muscles that Act on the Ankle and Foot: An Overview A&P FLIX Anterior Muscles that Act on the Ankle and Foot A&P FLIX Posterior Muscles that Act on the Ankle and Foot (a) A&P FLIX Posterior Muscles that Act on the Ankle and Foot (b) 11-6 Appendicular Musculature • The Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot – Muscles that move the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges and originate and insert only on those bones Figure 11-22a Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Superior extensor retinaculum Tendon of fibularis brevis Medial malleolus of tibia Lateral malleolus of fibula Inferior extensor retinaculum Tendons of extensor digitorum longus Tendon of tibialis anterior Intrinsic Muscles of the Great Toe Extensor hallucis brevis Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Abductor hallucis Dorsal interossei Tendon of extensor hallucis longus Tendons of extensor digitorum brevis Dorsal view Figure 11-22b Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Superficial Muscles of the Sole of the Foot Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Fibrous tendon sheaths Lumbricals Flexor hallucis brevis Tendons of flexor digitorum brevis overlying tendons of flexor digitorum longus Flexor digiti minimi brevis Abductor hallucis Flexor digitorum brevis Abductor digiti minimi Plantar aponeurosis (cut) Calcaneus Plantar view, superficial layer Figure 11-22c Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Deep Muscles of the Sole of the Foot Tendons of flexor digitorum brevis Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Tendons of flexor digitorum longus Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Lumbricals Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Abductor hallucis Abductor digiti minimi Tendon of flexor digitorum longus Tendon of tibialis posterior Plantar aponeurosis (cut) Tendon of fibularis longus Quadratus plantae Flexor digitorum brevis Calcaneus Plantar view, deep layer Table 11-19 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot (Figure 11–22) • 11-7 Effects of Aging on the Muscular System Effects of Aging – Skeletal muscle fibers become smaller in diameter – Skeletal muscles become less elastic • Develop increasing amounts of fibrous tissue (fibrosis) – Decreased tolerance for exercise – Decreased ability to recover from muscular injuries 11-8 Muscular System Integration • Cardiovascular System – Delivers oxygen and fuel – Removes carbon dioxide and wastes • Respiratory System – Responds to oxygen demand of muscles • Integumentary System – Disperses heat from muscle activity • Nervous and Endocrine Systems – Direct responses of all systems
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