Download Ch.13: 김태완

David W. Carroll
Psychology of Language, 5th edition
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Introduction
Brain Mechanisms and Language
Lateralization of Language Processes
Evolution of Language
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Language processes from a biological
viewpoint
Two reasons to know about biology of
language
– Previous discussion
• comprehension & production
– Further discussion
• Acquisition
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Three sections
– Brain Damage related to language
– Nature of hemisphere difference
– Evolutionary human language
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Language is thought to be a mechanism for
transmitting the information within thoughts.
One experiment used to demonstrate this idea requires subjects to listen
to a short passage of several sentences. The subjects are then asked to
repeat the passage. Most subjects accurately convey the gist of the
passage in the sentences they produce, but they do not come close to
repeating the sentences verbatim. It appears as if two transformations
have occurred. Upon hearing the passage, the subjects convert the
language of the passage into a more abstract representation of its
meaning, which is more easily stored within memory. In order to
recreate the passage, the subject recalls this representation and converts
its meaning back into language.
http://www.brainconnection.com/topics/?main=fa/evolution-language6
Wernicke’s
Area
Broca’s Area
Syndrome
Behavioral Deficit
Broca’s aphasia
Disturbance of speech production;
agrammatic speech; relatively
good comprehension and naming
Frontal lobe adjacent to primary
motor cortex
Wernicke’s aphasia
Disturbance in auditory
comprehension; fluent speech
Posterior portion of first temporal
gyrus
Conduction aphasia
Disturbance of repetition and
spontaneous speech
Lesion in arcuate fasciculus
and/or other connections between
frontal and temporal lob
Transcortical sensory
aphasia
Disturbance of single word
comprehension with relatively
intact repetition
Connections between parietal and
temporal lobe
Disturbance of spontaneous
speech, with sparing of naming
Subcortical lesions in areas
underlying motor cortex
Disturbance of production of
single words
Various parts of parietal and
temporal lobes
Major disturbance of all language
function
Large portions of association
cortex
Transcortical motor
aphasia
Anomic aphasia
Global aphasia
Lesion Site(s)
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syntactic deficit
◦ It was the girl who chased the boy. (o)
◦ It was the boy whom the girl chased. (x)
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Ambiguous sentence
◦ The experienced soldiers warned about the
dangers before the midnight raid. (easy)
◦ The experienced soldiers warned about the
dangers conducted the midnight raid. (hard)
Dapretto & Bookheimer (1999).
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Syntactic
Semantic
Phonologic tasks
◦ coordination
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Ipsalateral pathway
Contralateral pathway
Corpus callosum
Ipsalateral < Contralateral
Bever (1980)
left hemi – relational processing
right hemi – holistic processing
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Subject-Object
– The boy kisses the girl.
– The girl kisses the girl.
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Tense
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Plural noun
– The girl is drinking.
– The girl will drink.
– The dog jumps over the fence.
– The dogs jump over the fence.
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Bever and Chiarello (1974)
◦ On musical task (non-speech task)
◦ Right-ear advantages for the experienced
◦ No left-ear advantages
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Kaplan and colleagues
◦ Difficulty integrating information about
performance with information about character’s
relationship.
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Word in left visual field
◦ Dominant meaning is immediately facilitated, but
not for subordinated meaning.
◦ Particular meaning
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Word in left visual field
◦ Dominant meaning is facilitated immediately, but
inappropriate meaning is not suppressed.
◦ Alternative meaning
Burgess and Simpson (1988)
Chiarello (1991)
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Figure from the News and Views summary by Ghazanfar - Chimpanzees are phylogenetically between macaques
and humans in the primate lineage, and the similarly 'in between' pattern of their arcuate pathway terminations
strongly suggest a gradual evolution of this pathway.(a) Changing patterns of connections between frontal
cortical areas and the temporal lobe in humans, chimpanzees and macaque monkeys. AS, arcuate sulcus; CS,
central sulcus; IFS, inferior frontal sulcus; IPS, intraparietal sulcus; PS, principal sulcus; PrCS, precentral sulcus;
STS, superior temporal sulcus. (b) The voice area in the rhesus macaque relative to other auditory cortical areas
and where the voice area would be if it were in a similar location as the human voice area. LS, lateral sulcus; IOS,
inferior occipital sulcus; STS, superior temporal sulcus; other labels refer to cytoarchitectonic areal designations.
The lateral sulcus is cut open to reveal the superior temporal plane. In this plane, the core region is thought to
contain 'primary-like' areas, responding best to pure tones, whereas the surrounding belt areas are more
responsive to complex sounds. The voice area in macaques is anterior to the core and belt regions. INS, insula;
IT, inferotemporal cortex; Tpt, temporoparietal area.
http://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2008/04/language-evolution-and-arcuate.html