Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 2: Chemistry, Matter, and Life
Document related concepts
no text concepts found
Transcript
Chapter 6: The Skeleton: Bones and Joints Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Overview Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Key Terms amphiarthrosis epiphysis periosteum articulation bursa circumduction diarthrosis extremity fontanel joint marrow resorption skeleton synarthrosis synovial diaphysis endosteum osteoblast osteoclast osteocyte osteon Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease The Skeleton • The skeletal system is made up of bones, joints, and supporting connective tissue. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-1 The skeleton. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones Learning Outcomes 1. List the functions of bones. 2. Describe the structure of a long bone. 3. Differentiate between compact bone and spongy bone with respect to structure and location. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones Bone Functions • Act as a framework for body • Protect delicate structures – Examples: Brain and spinal cord • Work as levers to produce movement • Store calcium • Produce blood cells Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones Bone Structure • Diaphysis • Marrow – Red – Yellow • Membranes – Periosteum – Endosteum • Tissues – Compact – Spongy Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-2 The structure of a long bone. What are the membranes on the outside and the inside of a long bone called? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-3 Bone tissue. What cells are located in the spaces of compact bone? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones Learning Outcomes 4. Name the three different types of cells in bone and describe the functions of each. 5. Explain how a long bone grows. 6. Name and describe various markings found on bones. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones Checkpoints 6-1 What are the scientific names for the shaft and the ends of a long bone? 6-2 What are the two types of osseous (bone) tissue and where is each type found? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones Pop Quiz Which protein makes up a major component of bone matrix? A) Keratin B) Collagen C) Melanin D) Calcium Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones Pop Quiz Answer Which protein makes up a major component of bone matrix? A) Keratin B) Collagen C) Melanin D) Calcium Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones Bone Growth, Maintenance, and Repair • Long bone formation – Epiphyseal plates • Bone resorption – Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue. • Types of bone cells – Osteocytes maintain and repair the existing bone matrix. – Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue. • Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones Bone Growth, Maintenance, and Repair • Long bone Growth – Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone. • Cartilage begins to turn into bone. • Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends. • Bones continue to lengthen. • Bones stop lengthening. • Bone resorption and formation continues. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones Bone Resorption • Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones Bone Markings Projections Depressions or Holes Head Foramen Process Sinus Condyle Fossa Crest Meatus Spine Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-4 Sinuses. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones Checkpoints 6-3 What are the three types of cells found in bone and what is the role of each? 6-4 What compounds are deposited in the intercellular matrix of the embryonic skeleton to harden it? 6-5 What are the centers for secondary growth of a long bone called? 6-6 What are some functions of bone markings? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones of the Axial Skeleton Learning Outcomes 7. Name, locate, and describe the bones in the axial skeleton. 8. Describe the normal curves of the spine and explain their purpose. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones of the Axial Skeleton • Two main groups of bones: – Axial skeleton—80 bones of the head and trunk – Appendicular skeleton—126 bones of the extremities Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones of the Axial Skeleton Framework of the Skull Bone Description Cranial bones Frontal • Single bone forming forehead bone • Contains frontal sinuses Parietal • Paired bones forming most of top and sides of bones cranium Temporal • Paired bones forming part of side and base of bones skull • Each bone has a bony prominence behind the ears that is called a mastoid process. • Each mastoid process contains mastoid sinus Ethmoid • Single bone located between eye orbits forming bone superior part of nasal septum • Contains ethmoid sinus Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones of the Axial Skeleton Framework of the Skull Bone Description Cranial bones (continued) Sphenoid • Single bone forming the skull base anterior to the bone temporal bones • Contains sphenoid sinus • Contains depression called sella turcica for housing the pituitary gland Occipital • Single bone forming the posterior skull and base bone • Contains foramen magnum for passage of spinal cord Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones of the Axial Skeleton Framework of the Skull Bone Description Facial bones Mandible Single bone forming the lower jaw Maxillae Paired bones forming the upper jaw and anterior hard palate Each bone contains a maxillary sinus Zygomatic Paired bones forming the “cheek bones” bones Nasal Paired bones forming the bridge of the nose bones Lacrimal Paired bones forming parts of anterior eye orbit bones Vomer Single bone forming inferior part of nasal septum Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones of the Axial Skeleton Framework of the Skull Bone Description Facial bones (continued) Palatine Paired bones forming posterior hard palate bones Inferior Paired bones located along lateral walls of nasal nasal cavities conchae Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones of the Axial Skeleton Framework of the Skull • Other bones – Ear ossicles – Hyoid bone • Sutures – Coronal suture – Squamous sutures – Lambdoid suture Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-5 The skull. What type of joint is between the bones of the skull? What two bones make up each side of the hard palate? What is a foramen? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-6 The skull, sagittal section. What bone makes up the superior and middle conchae? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-7 Infant skull, showing fontanels. Which is the largest fontanel? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones of the Axial Skeleton Framework of the Trunk • Vertebral column – Cervical vertebrae – Thoracic vertebrae – Lumbar vertebrae – Sacral vertebrae (sacrum) – Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx) Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-8 Vertebral column, left lateral view. From an anterior view, which group(s) of vertebrae form a convex curve? Which group(s) form a concave curve? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-9 The vertebral column and vertebrae. Which vertebrae are the largest and heaviest? Why? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-10 The first two cervical vertebrae. What is missing in these two vertebrae that is present in all other vertebrae? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones of the Axial Skeleton Framework of the Trunk • Thorax – Sternum – Ribs • True ribs • False ribs – Manubrium – Clavicular notch – Sternal angle – Xiphoid process Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-11 Bones of the thorax, anterior view. To what bones do the costal cartilages attach? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones of the Axial Skeleton Checkpoints 6-7 What bones make up the skeleton of the trunk? 6-8 What are the five regions of the vertebral column? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones of the Axial Skeleton Pop Quiz Which bone forms the back and part of the base of the skull? A) Parietal bone B) Temporal bone C) Occipital bone D) Sphenoid bone Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones of the Axial Skeleton Pop Quiz Answer Which bone forms the back and part of the base of the skull? A) Parietal bone B) Temporal bone C) Occipital bone D) Sphenoid bone Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton Learning Outcome 9. Name, locate, and describe the bones in the appendicular skeleton. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-12 The shoulder girdle. What does the prefix supra mean? What does the prefix infra mean? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-13 Bones of the upper extremity. What is the medial bone of the forearm? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-14 Movements of the forearm. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-15 Left elbow, lateral view. What part of what bone forms the bony prominence of the elbow? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-16 Bones of the right hand, anterior view. How many phalanges are there on each hand? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-17 The pelvic bones. What bone is nicknamed the “sit bone”? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-18 Comparison of male and female pelvis, anterior view. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-19 Bones of the lower extremity. What is the lateral bone of the leg? Which bone of the leg is weight bearing? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-20 Bones of the right foot. Which tarsal bone is the heel bone? Which tarsal bone forms a joint with the tibia? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton Checkpoint 6-9 What division of the skeleton consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle, hip, and extremities? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton Pop Quiz Which of the following bones is found in the shoulder girdle? A) Sternum B) Humerus C) Scapula D) Ulna Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton Pop Quiz Answer Which of the following bones is found in the shoulder girdle? A) Sternum B) Humerus C) Scapula D) Ulna Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Joints Learning Outcomes 10. Describe three types of joints and give examples of each. 11. Demonstrate six types of movement that occur at synovial joints. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Joints Material Between the Bones Type Movement Fibrous Immovable (synarthrosis) Cartilaginous Slightly movable No joint cavity; (amphiarthrosis) cartilage between bones Pubic symphysis; between vertebral bodies Synovial Freely movable (diarthrosis) Gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, balland-socket joints No joint cavity; fibrous connective tissue between bones Joint cavity containing synovial fluid Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Examples Sutures between skull bones Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Joints More About Synovial Joints • Bones are joined by other structures in synovial joints. • Synovial joint structure – Ligaments – Joint capsule – Hyaline (articular) cartilage – Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus – Fat – Bursae Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-21 Structure of a synovial joint. What is the purpose of the greater trochanter of the femur? What type of tissue covers and protects the ends of the bones? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-22 The knee joint, sagittal section. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Joints Types of Synovial Joints Type of Joint Type of Movement Examples Gliding joint Flat bone surfaces slide over one another with little change in joint angle Joints in the wrist and ankles Hinge joint Allows movement in one direction, changing the angle of the bones at the joint, as in flexion and extension Elbow joint; joints between phalanges of fingers and toes Pivot joint Allows rotation around the length of the bone Joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae; joint at proximal ends of radius and ulna Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Joints Types of Synovial Joints (continued) Type of Joint Type of Movement Examples Condyloid joint Allows movement in two directions; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction Joint between the metacarpal Saddle joint Like a condyloid joint but with deeper articulating surfaces and movement in three directions; rotation, flexion and extension, abduction and adduction Joint between the wrist and the metacarpal bone of the thumb Ball-andsocket joint Allows the greatest range of motion; permits movement in three directions around a central point, as in circumduction Shoulder joint and hip joint Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Joints Movements at Synovial Joints • Flexion • Extension • Abduction • Adduction • Circumduction • Rotation Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Joints Movements Characteristic of Forearm and Ankle • Supination • Pronation • Inversion • Eversion • Dorsiflexion • Plantar flexion Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Figure 6-23 Movements at synovial joints. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Joints Checkpoints 6-10 What are the three types of joints classified according to the type of material between the adjoining bones? 6-11 What is the most freely movable type of joint? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Joints Pop Quiz Freely movable joints are also called A) Fibrous joints B) Cartilaginous joints C) Diarthroses D) Amphiarthroses Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Joints Pop Quiz Answer Freely movable joints are also called A) Fibrous joints B) Cartilaginous joints C) Diarthroses D) Amphiarthroses Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System Learning Outcome 12. Describe how the skeletal system changes with age. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System Bone • Loss of calcium salts and collagen • Bone weakening • Reduction in collagen Joints • Thinning of cartilage • Decreased flexibility Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Case Study Learning Outcome 13. Using the case study, discuss the process of bone repair. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Case Study The Body’s Bone Repair Process •Blood clot forms around fracture •Blood vessels grow into clot, pulling connective tissue with them •Fibroblasts and chondroblasts convert clot into a soft callus •Macrophages remove remains of blood clot and osteoclasts resorb dead bone tissue •Osteoblasts convert soft callus into a hard callus of spongy bone •Osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel hard callus into compact bone Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Word Anatomy Learning Outcome 14. Show how word parts are used to build words related to the skeleton. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Word Anatomy Word Part Meaning Example oste/o bone, bone tissue The periosteum is the fibrous membrane around a bone. -clast break An osteoclast breaks down bone in the process of resorption. cost/o rib Intercostal spaces are located between the ribs. supra- above, superior The supraspinous fossa is a depression superior to the spine of the scapula. infra- below, inferior The infraspinous fossa is a depression inferior to the spine of the scapula. ab- away from Abduction is movement away from the midline of the body. ad- toward, added to Adduction is movement toward the midline of the body. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Related documents