Download The Telencephalon

The Telencephalon 端脑
山东大学医学院解剖教研室
李振华
General Appearance of Cerebrum




The telencephalon consists of right and
left cerebral hemisphere, partially
separated by cerebral longitudinal
fissure大脑纵裂
In the depths of the fissure, the corpus
callosum 胼胝体connects the
hemispheres across the midline
The cerebral transverse fissure
intervenes between the hemispheres
and the cerebellum
Each hemisphere has three surfaces:
superolateral, medial and inferior
Main Sulci
Three principal sulci



Central sulcus 中央沟
Lateral sulcus 外侧沟
Parietooccipital sulcus 顶枕沟
Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus
Parietooccipital sulcus
Lobes of Cerebral Hemisphere
Five lobes





Frontal lobe 额叶
Parietal lobe 顶叶
Temporal lobe 颞叶
Occipital lobe 枕叶
Insular lobe 岛叶
Insular lobe
Sulci and gyri of frontal lobe







Precentral sulcus 中央前沟
Precentral gyrus 中央前回
Superior frontal sulcus 额上沟
Inferior frontal sulcus 额下沟
Superior frontal gyrus 额上回
Middle frontal gyrus 额中回
Inferior frontal gyrus 额下回
Sulci and gyri of frontal lobe
Precentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
Superior frontal sulcus
Inferior frontal sulcus
Superior, middle
and inferioe frontal
gyri
Sulci and Gyri of Parietal Lobe







Postcentral sulcus 中央后沟
Postcentral gyrus 中央后回
Intraparietal sulcus 顶内沟
Superior parietal lobule 顶上小叶
Inferior parietal lobule 顶下小叶
Supramarginal gyrus 缘上回
Angular gyrus 角回
Sulci and Gyri of Parietal Lobe
Postcentral gyrus
Postcentral sulcus
Superior parietal lobule
Intraparietal sulcus
Supramarginal gyrus
Angular gyrus
Sulci and Gyri of Temporal Lobe






Superior temporal sulcus 颞上沟
Inferior temporal sulcus 颞下沟
Superior temporal gyrus 颞上回
Middle temporal gyrus 颞中回
Inferior temporal gyrus 颞下回
Transverse temporal gyri 颞横回
Sulci and Gyri of Temporal Lobe
Superior temporal sulcus
Superior temporal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal sulcus
Sulci and Gyri of Temporal Lobe
Transverse temporal gyri
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Precentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
Superior frontal sulcus
Postcentral gyrus
Postcentral sulcus
Intraparietal sulcus
Superior parietal lobule
Inferior frontal sulcus
Superior,
middle
and inferior
frontal
gyri
Supramarginal gyrus
Angular gyrus
Superior temporal sulcus
Superior temporal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal sulcus
Sulci and Gyri of Medial Surface









Corpus callosum 胼胝体
Callosal sulcus 胼胝体沟
Cingulate gyrus 扣带回
Cingulate sulcus 扣带沟
Marginal ramus 缘支
Paracentral lobule 中央旁小叶
Calcarine sulcus 距状沟
Cuneus 楔叶
Lingual gyrus 舌回
Sulci and Gyri of Medial Surface
Callosal sulcus
cingulate gyrus
Corpus callosum
Paracentral lobule
Marginal ramus
Cingulate sulcus
Parietooccipital
sulcus
Cuneus
Calcarine
sulcus
Lingual gyrus
Sulci and Gyri of Inferior Surface













Olfactory bulb 嗅球
Olfactory tract 嗅束
Olfactory trigone 嗅三角
Anterior perforated substance 前穿质
Collateral sulcus 侧副沟
Occipitotemporal sulcus 枕颞沟
Medial occipitotemporal gyrus 枕颞内侧回
Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus 枕颞外侧回
Hippocampal sulcus 海马沟
Parahippocampal gyrus 海马旁回
Uncus 钩
Hippocampus 海马
Dentate gyrus 齿状回
Sulci and Gyri of Inferior Surface
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Olfactory trigone
Uncus
Ant. Perforated substance
Occipitotemporal sulcus
Parahippocampalgyrus
Collateral sulcus
Lateral occipitotemporal
gyrus
Medial occipitotemporal
gyrus
Sulci and Gyri of Inferior Surface
Hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Hippocampal
formation
海马结构
Histology of Cerebral Cortex



Archicortex 原皮质 (hippocampal formation 海马结构)
3 cell layers
Paleocortex 古皮质 (rhinencephalon 嗅脑)
Neocortex 新皮质 (most of cerebral cortex)
6 cell layers
Functional Location of Cerebral Cortex
First Somatic Motor Area第Ⅰ躯体运动区
Position:
Located in precentral gyrus
and anterior portion of
paracentral lobule
First Somatic Motor Area第Ⅰ躯体运动区
Characters




Representation is inverted, but
head and face are upright
A body part is represented by a
cortical area proportional to its
use rather than its size
Receiving fibers from postcentral
gyrus, ventral anterior, ventral
lateral and ventral posterior
nuclei
Sending out fibers to form
pyramidal tract, controlling
voluntary movements
First Somatic Motor Area第Ⅰ躯体运动区
First Somatic Motor Area第Ⅰ躯体运动区
First Somatic Sensory Area第Ⅰ躯体感觉区
Position:
Lies in postcentral gyrus and
posterior portion of paracentral
lobule
First Somatic Sensory Area第Ⅰ躯体感觉区
Characters



Sensory representation, like
motor area, is crossed and
inverted
Receiving fibers from ventral
posterior nucleus
Interpret sensation from
opposite side of body
First Somatic Sensory Area第Ⅰ躯体感觉区
Visual Area 视觉区



Lie on either side of calcarine
sulcus in medial surface of
occipital lobe
Visual cortex of one
hemisphere receives
impression from temporal part
of retina of same side and
nasal part of opposite side
Lesions of visual cortex
produce contralateral
homonymous visual field
defections
Auditory Area 听觉区


Located in transverse
temporal gyri
Receive auditory
information from both
ears



Vestibular area平衡觉区:
located in front of superior
temporal gyrus
Olfactory area 嗅觉区:
located near the uncus
Taste area 味觉区: located
at frontal operculum
Language Area 语言中枢
It is dominant in left hemisphere in right-handed person
 Motor speech area 运动性语言中枢
Located in posterior portion of inferior
frontal gyrus
 Damage: motor aphasia
Writing area 书写中枢
 Located in posterior portion of middle
frontal gyrus
 Damage: agraphia
Auditory speech area 听觉性语言中枢
 Located in posterior portion of superior
temporal gyrus
 Lesion: sensory aphasia




Visual speech area
视觉性语言中枢
 Located in angular gyrus
 Lesion: alexia
Lateral Ventricle 侧脑室

Position: located in cerebral
hemispheres

Four parts




Central part: lies in parietal lobe
Anterior horn: extends into
frontal lobe
Posterior horn: extend into
occipital lobe
Inferior horn: extend into
temporal lobe
Lateral Ventricle 侧脑室
Transverse MRI scan, at the level of
the anterior horn of the lateral
ventricle.
Lateral Ventricle 侧脑室

Communication
lateral ventricle →
interventricular foramen →
third ventricle
Basal Nuclei 基底核

Corpus striatum
Globus pallidus 苍白球－paleostriatum 旧纹状体
纹状体
 Lentiform nucleus
豆状核

Putamen 壳
Caudate nucleus
尾状核


Claustrum 屏状核
Amygdaloid body 杏仁体
Neostriatum 新纹状体
Basal Nuclei 基底核
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Claustrum
White Matter
Association fibers 联络纤维






Run between gyri within the same
hemisphere
Cerebral arcuate fibers 大脑弓状纤维
Superior longitudinal fasciculi 上纵束
Inferior longitudinal fasciculi 下纵束
Uncinate fasciculus 钩束
Cingulum 扣带
White Matter
Commissural fibers 连合纤维

Corpus callosum 胼胝体






Rostrum 胼胝体嘴
Genu 胼胝体膝
Trunk 胼胝体干
Splenium 胼胝体压部
Anterior commissure 前连合
Fornix and commissure of fornix 穹隆和穹隆连合
White Matter
Projection fibers 投射纤维
connect cortex with lower part of
brain and spinal cord and they
include both ascending and
descending fibers
★Internal capsule
 Position: a thick lamina of white
matter lying between caudate
nucleus, thalamus and lentiform
nucleus
Internal Capsule 内囊
Caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus
Dorsal thalamus
Internal Capsule 内囊
Three parts

Anterior limb of internal capsule
内囊前肢

Lies between caudate nucleus and lentiform
nucleus

Containing frontopontine tract and anterior
thalamic radiation

Genu of internal capsule 内囊膝



Is angle at which anterior and posterior limbs
meet
Containing corticonuclear tract
Posterior limb of internal capsule
内囊后肢

Lies between thalamus and lentiform nucleus

Contain corticospinal tract, corticorubral tract,
central thalamic radiation, parieto-occipitotemporo-pontine tract, acoustic radiation and
optic radiation
Anterior thalamic radiation
Head of caudate nucleus
Frontopontine tract
Corticonuclear tract
Corticospinal tract
Dorsal thalamus
Central thalamic
radiation
Lentiform nucleus
Corticorubral tract
Parieto-occipitotemporo-pontine tract
Acoustic radiation
Medial geniculate body
Optic radiation
Lateral geniculate body
Limbic System 边缘系统

Composition



Limbic lobe: includes septal area,
cingulated gyrus,
parahippocampal gyrus,
hippocampus, dentate gyrus,
temporal pole, anterior part of
insular lobe and so on
Associated subcortical nuclei:
amygdaloid body, septal nuclei,
hypothalamus, epithalamus,
anterior nucleus group of
thalamus, tegmentum of midbrain
Function: concerned with visceral
activities, olfaction, emotion and
memory, so this system is called
‘visceral brain’