Download Musculoskeletal Anatomy Review

Musculoskeletal
Anatomy Review
Felix Hernandez, M.D.
Axial Skeleton
• Skull
• Spine
• Thoracic Cage
• Hyoid bone
Cervical Spine
• 7 Vertebra
• C1-C7
• Concave Posterior
Thoracic Spine
• 12 Vertebra
• T1-T12
• Convex Posterior
• Attach to the ribs
Lumbar Spine
• 5 Vertebra
• L1-L5
• Concave Posterior
Sacral Spine
• 5 Fused Vertebra
• “Sacrum”
Coccyx
• 4 Fused Vertebra
Intervertebral Disk
Annulus Fibrosus
(Fibrocartilage)
Nucleus Pulposus
Cervical Vertebrae (C3-C7)
Bifid
Spinous
Process
Cervical Vertebrae (C3-C7)
Transverse
Processes
Transverse
Foramen
Cervical Vertebrae
C2: Axis
Odontoid
Process (Dens)
Cervical Vertebrae
C1 & C2 Joined Together
Thoracic Vertebrae
Spinous Process
Thoracic Vertebrae
Costal Facets on the
Transverse Process
(for rib attachment)
Lumbar Vertebrae
BODY
Sacrum
5 Fused Vertebrae
Sacroiliac Joints
Coccyx
4 Rudimentary
Vertebrae
Sternum
Manubrium
Sternal
Angle
Body
Xiphoid
Process
Ribs 1-7: True Ribs
Ribs 8-10: False Ribs
Ribs 11 & 12: Floating Ribs
Costovertebral
Angle
Supraorbital ridge
Frontal Bone
Frontal Bone
Parietal Bone
Parietal Bone
Temporal Bone
Temporal
Bone
Occipital Bone
Cranium
Floor
Anterior Cranial
Fossa
Middle
Cranial Fossa
Posterior
Cranial Fossa
Sagittal
Suture
Between the
Right and Left
Parietal bones
Occipital
Bone
Parietal
Bone
(Right)
Parietal
Bone
(Left)
Frontal
Bone
Coronal
Suture
Parietal Bone
Between the
Parietal bones and
the Frontal Bone Occipital
Bone
Temporal
Bone
Frontal
Bone
Squamous
Suture
Between the
Parietal bone and
the Temporal
Bone
Parietal Bone
Temporal
Bone
Occipital
Bone
Frontal
Bone
Lambdoid
Suture
Between the
Parietal bones and
the Occipital
Bone
Parietal Bone
Temporal
Bone
Occipital
Bone
Frontal
Bone
Mandible
Coronoid
Process
Mandibular
Condyle
Alveolar
Process
Ramus
Angle
Mental
Foramen
Body
Ethmoid Air C
Sinuses
Frontal
Sphenoidal
Maxillary
Humerus: Proximal End
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Anatomical
Neck
Head: Above the
epiphyseal line
Surgical neck
Intertubercular
groove
Anterior
Medial
Posterior
37
Radial Groove
38
Medial Epicondyle
(Distal Humerus)
Anterior
Anterior
Posterior
Posterior
39
Lateral Epicondyle
(Distal Humerus)
Anterior
Anterior
Posterior
Posterior
40
Radius
• “Rotates”
• On the thumb side of
the forearm
41
Styloid Process
of the Radius
42
Scaphoid
Dorsal
View
43
Palm
View
Lunate
Dorsal
View
44
Palm
View
Triquetrum
Dorsal
View
45
Palm
View
Pisiform
Palm
View
46
Trapezium
Dorsal
View
47
Palm
View
Trapezoid
Dorsal
View
48
Palm
View
Capitate
Dorsal
View
49
Palm
View
Palm
View
Metacarpals
2
3
4
1
5
50
Distal Phalanges
51
Proximal
Phalanges
52
Middle
Phalanges
53
Scapula: Posterior View
Spine
54
Scapula: Posterior View
A
A: Superior Border
B:Medial Border
C Lateral Border
B
C
55
Scapula: Posterior View
A
A:Superior Angle
B: Lateral Angle
C: Inferior Angle
B
C
56
Scapula: Posterior View
Acromion
57
Scapula: Anterior View
Coracoid Process
58
Glenoid Fossa
59
Clavicle
60
Head of Femur
61
Greater Trochanter (Femur)
62
Neck of Femur
63
Medial Condyle
(Posterior Femur)
64
Lateral Condyle
(Posterior Femur)
65
Medial Epicondyle (Femur)
66
Lateral Epicondyle (Femur)
67
Tibia
68
Medial Condyle of the Tibia
Anterior
Posterior
69
Lateral Condyle of the Tibia
Anterior
Posterior
70
Tibial Tuberosity
Anterior
Posterior
71
Medial Malleolus (Tibia)
72
Fibula
73
Lateral Malleolus (Distal)
74
Ankle and Foot
75
Talus
76
Calcaneus
77
Metatarsals
5
4 3 2
1
78
Os Coxae (Hipbones)
Ilium
Pubic Bone
Ishium
79
Iliac Crest
80
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
81
Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
82
Iliac Fossa
83
Sacroiliac Joint
84
Ischial Tuberosity
85
Body of Pubis
86
Pubic Symphysis
(Fibrocartilage)
87
Acetabulum
88
Knee
• Largest and most complex joint of the body
• Allows flexion, extension, and some rotation
89
Knee
• Anterior cruciate
ligament
• Posterior cruciate
ligament
• Medial meniscus
• Lateral meniscus
90
Movements
Flexion: joint angle is decreased
Extension: joint angle is increased
91
Flexion/Extension/Hyperextension
92
Adduction/Abduction
• Adduction: Moving limb
toward the body midline
• Abduction: moving limb
away from body midline
• Circumduction: flexionextension-adductionabduction
93
Rotation
• The turning of a bone
around its own long
axis
94
Supination/Pronation
95
Eversion/Inversion
96
Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion
97
Origin and Insertion
• Origin: The place where the fixed end attaches
to a bone, cartilage, or connective tissue.
• Insertion: The site where the movable end
attaches to another structure.
98
Epicranial
Aponeurosis
Frontalis
• Origin: Epicranial
aponeurosis
• Insertion: Skin
over forehead
• Action: Elevates
eyebrows and
wrinkles skin of
forehead
99
Orbicularis Oculi
• Origin: Medial orbital
margin and zygomatic
bone
• Insertion: Skin
surrounding eye
• Action: Closes eyelids
and depresses skin of
forehead
100
Masseter
• Origin: Zygomatic
process and arch
• Insertion: Angle
and ramus of
mandible
• Action: Elevates
mandible
101
Orbicularis Oris
• Origin: By muscular
skips to surround
muscles
• Insertion: Muscles
interlace to surround
mouth
• Action: Closes and
purses lips
102
Sternocleidomastoid
• Origin: Manubrium and
medial third of clavicle
• Insertion: Mastoid
process
• Action: Rotates head to
opposite side, extends
head, and flexes
vertebral column
103
Trapezius
• Origin: External occipital
protuberance, superior nuchal
line and spinous process of
C7-T12
• Insertion: Anterior border of
scapular spine, acromion
process, lateral third of
clavicle
• Action: Elevates, adducts,
and depresses scapula
104
Latissimus Dorsi
• Origin: Spinous processes
of lower 6 thoracic
vertebrae, thoracolumbar
fascia, crest of ilium
• Insertion: Intertubercular
groove of humerus
• Action: Extends, rotates
humerus medially, draws
shoulder down and
backward
105
Rhomboid Major
• Origin: Spinous
process of T1-5 and
supraspinous ligament
• Insertion: Medial
border below spine of
scapula
• Action: Adducts
scapula and performs
downward rotation
106
Serratus Anterior
• Origin: Lateral surface
of upper 8 ribs
• Insertion: Anterior lip of
medial border of scapula
• Action: Holds scapula to
chest wall, medially
rotates scapula in
abducting or extending
humerus
107
External Intercostal
• Origin: Inferior border
of rib above
• Insertion: Superior
border of rib below
• Action: Elevates rib
cage during inspiration
108
Internal Intercostal
• Origin: Superior border
of rib below
• Insertion: Inferior
border of rib above
• Action: Depresses rib
cage during expiration
109
Pectoralis Major
• Origin: Medial half of clavicle,
sternum, costal cartilages,
aponeurosis of external
abdominal oblique
• Insertion: Intertubular groove of
humerus
• Action: Flexes, adducts, and
medially rotates humerus, draws
body upward in climbing
110
Pectoralis Minor
• Origin: Anterior
surface of ribs 3 to 5
• Insertion: Coracoid
process of scapula
• Action: Draws scapula
down and forward and
elevates ribs
111
Rectus Abdominus
• Origin: Pubic
symphysis and crest of
pubis
• Insertion: Xiphoid
process and cartilages
of ribs 5 to 7
• Action: Tenses
abdominal wall and
flexes vertebral column
112
External Abdominal Oblique
• Origin: External surface
of lower 8 ribs
• Insertion: Anterior half
of iliac crest and linea
alba
• Action: Compresses
abdomen, contralaterally
rotates and flexes
vertebral column
113
Internal Abdominal Oblique
• Origin: Lateral half of
inguinal ligament, anterior
iliac crest and thoracolumbar
fascia
• Insertion: Lower four ribs,
linea alba and by conjoined
tendon to pubis
• Action: Compresses
abdomen, ipsilaterally rotates
and flexes vertebral column
114
Deltoid
• Origin: Anterior
surface, lateral
clavicle, acromion
process and spine of
scapula
• Insertion: Deltoid
tubercle of humerus
• Action: Abducts
humerus; aids in
flexion, extension, and
internal and external
rotation
115
Supraspinatus
• Origin:
Supraspinous fossa
• Insertion: Greater
tubercle of humerus
• Action: Abducts
humerus
116
Infraspinatus
• Origin:
Infraspinous fossa
• Insertion: Greater
tubercle of humerus
• Action: Rotates
humerus laterally
117
Teres Minor
• Origin: Axillary
border of scapula
• Insertion: Greater
tubercle of humerus
• Action: Rotates
humerus laterally
118
Teres Major
• Origin: Axillary
border at inferior
angle of scapula
• Insertion:
Intertubular groove
of humerus
• Action: Extends,
adduction and
medial rotates
humerus.
119
Subscapularis
• Origin: Subscapular
fossa
• Insertion: Lesser
tubercle of humerus
• Action: Rotates
humerus medially
120
Biceps Brachii
• Origin: Long head,
supraglenoid tubercle;
Short head, coracoid
process scapula
• Insertion: Radial
tuberosity of the radius
• Action: Flexes radius
and humerus, and
supinates forearm
Short
Head
Long
Head
121
Coracobrachialis
• Origin: Coracoid
process of scapula
• Insertion: Middle third
of humerus
• Action: Flexes and
adducts humerus
122
Triceps Brachii
Long
Head
Lateral
Head
• Origin: Long head,
infraglenoid tubercle; Lateral
head, proximal portion of
posterior humerus; Medial
head, distal half of posterior
humerus
• Insertion: Olecranon process of
ulna
• Action: Extends humerus and
ulna
123
Brachioradialis
• Origin: Lateral
supracondylar ridge
• Insertion: Styloid
process of radius
• Action: Flexes forearm
124
Posterior, Superficial
Layer
Supinator
• Origin: Lateral epicondyle
of humerus, supinator crest
of ulna
• Insertion: Lateral surface
and posterior border of
radius
• Action: Supinates forearm
125 Layer
Posterior, Deepest
Gluteus Maximus
• Origin: Upper
portion of ilium, the
sacrum and coccyx
• Insertion: Gluteal
tuberosity and
iliotibial tract
• Action: Principal
extensor and lateral
rotator of femur
126
Gluteus Medius
• Origin: Middle portion
of ilium Insertion:
Oblique ridge on
greater trochanter of
femur
• Action: Abducts femur,
stabilizes contralateral
hip while standing on
one leg
127
Piriformis
• Origin: Pelvic
surface of
sacrum
• Insertion:
Greater
trochanter of
femur
• Action: Rotates
femur laterally
128
Biceps Femoris
• Origin: Long head, ischial
tuberosity;
Short head, lateral
supracondylar ridge of
femur
• Insertion: Head of fibula
and lateral condyle of tibia
• Action: Extends femur and
flexes leg
Long
Head
Short
Head
129
Rectus Femoris
• Origin: Anterior
inferior iliac spine and
upper margin of
acetabulum
• Insertion: Tibial
tuberosity
• Action: Extends tibia
and flexes femur
130
Gastrocnemius
• Origin: Medial and lateral
condyles of femur
• Insertion: With soleus into
calcaneus via calcaneal
tendon
• Action: Flexes tibia and
plantar; flexes foot
Superficial
131
Soleus
• Origin: Upper third of fibula
and soleal line of tibia
• Insertion: With
gastrocnemius into calcaneus
via calcaneal tendon
• Action: Flexes foot
Second
Layer
132