Download Axial skeleton

Figure 7.1 The human skeleton.
Skull
Thoracic cage
(ribs and
sternum)
Cranium
Facial bones
Sternum
Rib
Vertebra
Vertebral
column
Sacrum
(a) Anterior
view
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Bones of
pectoral
girdle
(b) Posterior
view
Bones of
pelvic girdle
Figure 7.2a The skull: Cranial and facial divisions and fossae.
Bones of cranium (cranial vault)
Coronal
suture
Squamous
suture
Lambdoid
suture
Facial
bones
(a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull
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Figure 5.6 The human skull. (1 of 2)
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Figure 5.6 The human skull. (1 of 2)
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Figure 5.6 The human skull. (2 of 2)
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Figure 5.6 The human skull. (2 of 2)
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Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Zygomatic
process
Alveolar
margins
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Mandibular condyle
Mental foramen
Mandibular ramus
Coronoid process
(a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull
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Figure 7.4b Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull.
Sagittal suture
Sutural
bone
External
occipital
protuberance
(b) Posterior view
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External
occipital
crest
Occipital
condyle
Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.
Maxilla
(palatine process)
Hard
palate Palatine bone
Infraorbital foramen
Zygomatic bone
Temporal bone
(zygomatic process)
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Mandibular
fossa
Temporal bone
Occipital condyle
(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
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Figure 7.8 The temporal bone.
External
acoustic
meatus
Squamous
region
Zygomatic process
Mastoid
process
Styloid process
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Mandibular fossa
Figure 7.9 The sphenoid bone.
Lesser wing
Greater
wing
sella turcica
(a) Superior view
Body of sphenoid
Body of sphenoid
Lesser
wing
Greater
wing
(b) Posterior view
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Pterygoid
process
Figure 7.10 The ethmoid bone. ANTERIOR VIEW
Olfactory
foramina
Crista galli
Cribriform
plate
Ethmoidal
sinuses
Perpendicular
plate
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Middle nasal concha
Figure 7.15 Paranasal sinuses.
Frontal
sinus
Ethmoidal
sinus
Sphenoid
sinus
Maxillary
sinus
(a) Anterior aspect
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(b) Medial aspect
Frontal
sinus
Ethmoidal
sinus
Sphenoid
sinus
Maxillary
sinus
Figure 7.13 Bones that form the orbits. (YOU DON’T NEED TO KNOW ALL THE DETAILS )
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Figure 7.12 The hyoid bone, anterior view.
Body
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Figure 7.18 Structure of a typical vertebra.
Lamina
Transverse
process
Posterior
Spinous
process
facet
Vertebral
foramen
Body
Pedicle
Anterior
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Figure 7.20 Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.
Dens of axis
C1 (atlas)
C2 (axis)
C3
Transverse
processes
C7
(a) Cervical vertebrae
Transverse
process
Spinous
process
(c) Lumbar vertebrae
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Transverse
process
Spinous
process
(b) Thoracic vertebrae
Body
Intervertebral
disc
Transverse costal
facet (for tubercle
of rib)
Intervertebral
disc
Body
Inferior costal
facet (for head
of rib)
Figure 7.17a Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae.
Intervertebral
disc
Transverse process
Sectioned
spinous process
Intervertebral foramen
Interspinous
ligament
Sectioned body
of vertebra
(a) Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating the composition
of the discs and the ligaments
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Table 7.2 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (2 of 3)
(DON’T NEED TO KNOW ALL DETAILS)
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Table 7.2 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (3 of 3)
(DON’T NEED TO KNOW ALL DETAILS)
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Figure 7.19 The first and second cervical vertebrae.
C1
Posterior
Posterior
facet
Transverse
process
Transverse
foramen
facet
Transverse
foramen
Facet for dens
(b) Inferior view of atlas (C1)
(a) Superior view of atlas (C1)
C2
Posterior
Spinous process
Lamina
Pedicle
facet
Transverse
process
Dens
Body
(c) Superior view of axis (C2)
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Figure 7.23b Ribs.
tubercle of rib
Spinous process
Shaft
Ligaments
Transverse
Facet (for
Tubercle of
rib)
Neck of rib
Head of rib
Facet (for head of rib)
Body of
thoracic
vertebra
(b) Superior view of the articulation between a
rib and a thoracic vertebra
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Figure 7.21a The sacrum and coccyx.
Body of
first
sacral
vertebra
Anterior
sacral
foramina
Coccyx
(a) Anterior view
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Figure 7.22a The thoracic cage.
Manubrium
Body
True
ribs
(1–7)
Xiphoid
process
False
ribs
(8–12)
Intercostal spaces
Costal cartilage
L1
Vertebra
Floating ribs (11, 12)
(a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view
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Sternum
Figure 7.23c Ribs.
Facets for
articulation
with vertebrae
Head Neck
Junction with
costal cartilage
(c) A typical rib (rib 6, right), posterior view
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tubercle
Figure 7.35 Skull of a newborn. (DON’T NEED TO KNOW NAMES OF FONTANELLES)
Frontal bone
Frontal suture
Anterior
fontanelle
Parietal bone
Posterior fontanelle
(a) Superior view
Parietal bone
Posterior
fontanelle
Mastoid
fontanelle
(b) Lateral view
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Occipital bone
Frontal bone
Sphenoidal
fontanelle
Temporal bone
(squamous portion)
Occipital bone