Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Fast ForWord to Reading: Design and Content Cognitive Skills: The Foundation for Reading Memory Attention Processing Sequencing LEARNING MAPS The Fast ForWord to Reading Series Applying neuroscience-based learning principles to build critical cognitive skills in the context of reading tasks. MAPs •Phonological Awareness •Decoding & Spelling •Fluency •Vocabulary •Sentence Comprehension •Passage Comprehension Phonological Awareness Exercises Goal: Build awareness of the soundstructure of words, and provide a basis for phonics. Tasks: • Odd-one-out (Houndini) • Sort by phoneme (Bear Bags, Bear Bags: More Lunch, Scrap Cat, Wood Works) • Matching (Canine Crew) • Q&A (Hoof Beat) Phonological Awareness Exercises Content: • Structural features were the primary basis for selecting PA words. – e.g. Most of the stimuli for Bear Bags are regularly spelled CVCs such as bug, red, web, sip, hide, jeep. • Graded word lists were consulted to ensure the familiarity of most words. Note: All Reading series PA exercises present words in written form to reinforce the alphabetic principle. Phonological Awareness Exercises Reading Prep: Houndini Listen to the four words that go with these pictures and select the word that with a different beginning (or ending, or vowel). Phonological Awareness Exercises Reading 5: Wood Works Read a word and phonetically analyze it to sort it into the correct sound bin (marked with dictionary phonetic symbol). MAPs & Phonological Awareness Reading Prep: Houndini Processing and Sequencing MAPs & Phonological Awareness Reading 1: Bear Bags Working Memory, Processing, Sequencing -Phonemic Awareness, Letter-Sound Associations Decoding/Spelling Exercises Goal: Map speech sounds to letters and spelling patterns, for fast & accurate word recognition. Tasks: • Phoneme-letter match (Coaster) • Decodable text (Ant Antics) • Spelling cloze (Magic Bird, Magic Rabbit, Chicken Dog) • Modified dictation (Jitterbug Jukebox) • Sort by spelling pattern (Wood Works) • Q&A (Hoof Beat) Decoding/Spelling Exercises Content: • Structural features were the primary basis for selecting words for the Decoding/Spelling exercises (e.g., words with targeted spelling patterns). • Graded word lists were used as one way to control the difficulty – e.g., Wood Works stimuli • Easier levels: 4th-5th grade vocabulary • Harder levels: 5th-6th grade + academic Decoding/Spelling Exercises Reading 4: Jitterbug Jukebox Spell each word by selecting letters in the correct order from a principled array including phonological and visual foils Decoding/Spelling Exercises Reading 2: Ant Antics (comprehension & decoding) Independently read short sentences based on a small set of common, decodable words, to select the correct caption. MAPs & Decoding/Spelling Reading Prep: Packing Pig Goes to Work Working Memory & Long-term Memory Letter recognition and naming MAPs & Decoding/Spelling Reading 1: Magic Rabbit Memory and Sequencing – Phonics, Decoding, Vocabulary Fluency Exercises Goal: Build automaticity in working with sounds, spelling patterns, and sight words, so that readers have more attention to focus on comprehension. Tasks: • Word ID (Flying Fish, Fish Frenzy) • Speed rounds within exercises (Bear Bags, Bear Bags: More Lunch, Magic Bird, Magic Rabbit, Quail Mail, Wood Works) • Read/spell high frequency words (Chicken Dog, Jitterbug Jukebox, Flying Fish, Fish Frenzy, Leaping Lizards) Fluency Exercises Content: • High frequency word lists* were used to select the highest utility sight words. – e.g., Flying Fish stimuli • Easiest set: the, of, and, you… • Harder set: ask, need, why, because… • In general, high frequency words are acquired early, so additional controls for vocabulary level were not needed. *Kucera & Francis, Dolch lists, the Reading Teacher’s Book of Lists Sight Word/Fluency Exercises Reading 2: Fish Frenzy Listen to a word and select the matching written word from a stream of similar words. Sight Word/Fluency Exercises Reading 1: Bear Bags (PA & Fluency) Working as quickly as possible without making mistakes, sort words into the correct sound categories. MAPs & Fluency Reading 1: Flying Fish Attention & Processing (speed & left-to-right scanning) -Phonics, Letter-Sound Associations, Vocabulary Vocabulary Exercises Goal: build vocabulary skills (e.g., using context) while building broader and deeper vocabulary knowledge. Tasks: • Sort by semantics (Quail Mail, Scrap Cat) • Match by semantics (Canine Crew) • Use context to define (Book Monkeys, Book Monkeys: Book Two, Quack Splash) • Cloze task (Stinky Bill’s Billboard, Leaping Lizards, Toad Loader) • Q&A (Hoof Beat) Vocabulary Exercises Content: • The design of each exercise was the primary consideration in selecting vocabulary words. – e.g. Words used in Quail Mail and Scrap Cat fit the semantic categories covered. Words in Gator Jam cover 27 Greek & Latin morphemes widely used in English. • Graded word lists were consulted to identify vocabulary words with an appropriate level of difficulty. Vocabulary Exercises Reading Prep: Packing Pig Goes to Work Select the correct letter when you hear its name. Vocabulary Exercises Reading 1: Quail Mail Listen to a word (presented with print and sometimes with a picture) and sort it into the correct category. Vocabulary Exercises Reading 3: Book Monkeys (Passage comp & Vocabulary) Use context to identify the correct definition for a challenging word from the passage you just read. Vocabulary Exercises Reading 5: Gator Jam Read a partially completed analogy, and select the word that correctly completes it (can refer to the built-in glossary). MAPs & Vocabulary Reading 3: Canine Crew Memory, Processing – Vocabulary, Semantic Relationships MAPs & Vocabulary Reading 4: Hoof Beat Processing & Memory – Vocabulary, Word Forms, Comprehension Sentence Comprehension/ Grammar Exercises Goal: Improve the accuracy and speed of comprehension for sentences with diverse grammatical structures. Tasks: • Cloze task (Bedtime Beasties, Leaping Lizards, Hog Hat Zone, Stinky Bill’s Billboard) • Match the sentence to the picture (Ant Antics, Twisted Pictures) • Paraphrasing (Goat Quotes) • Sentence building (Toad Loader) Sentence Comprehension/ Grammar Exercises Content: • Sentences were written or selected to provide good examples of the targeted grammatical structures. – e.g. Ant Antics’ sentences were written to specifications with decodable words and selected syntactic structures. Hog Hat Zone’s sentences were excerpted from classic children’s literature. • To control difficulty level, limitations were often put on sentence length and vocabulary. Sentence Comprehension/ Grammar Exercises Reading 3: Twisted Pictures Read the sentences carefully to select the correct caption. Sentence Comprehension/ Grammar Exercises Reading 3: Hog Hat Zone Read the incomplete sentence, and select the correct, grammatically important word to fill in the blank. Sentence Comprehension/ Grammar Exercises Reading 5: Toad Loader Select the correct sentence segments to construct a grammatically correct and semantically relevant caption. MAPs & Sentence Comprehension Reading 1: Bedtime Beasties Memory, Processing, and Sequencing – Sentence comprehension MAPs & Sentence Comprehension Reading 3: Hog Hat Zone Sequencing and Memory – Morphology, Comprehension MAPs & Sentence Comprehension Reading 4: Goat Quotes Memory and Sequencing – Comprehension Passage Comprehension Exercises Goal: Build comprehension skills for fiction & non-fiction passages and text features. Tasks: • Listen, read-along, & answer questions (Buzz Fly, Dog Bone) • Re-read independently (Dog Bone) • Read & answer questions (Book Monkeys, Book Monkeys: Book Two, Lana’s Lanes, Quack Splash) • Comprehension strategies (Lana’s Lanes) • Passage building (Quack Splash) Passage Comprehension Exercises Content: • Passages were written or selected on the basis of complex specifications related to exercise design. – e.g. The passages for Buzz Fly were written to meet strict limits on vocabulary, total length, and words between questions. Lana’s Lanes includes some passages from classic kids’ literature. • To control difficulty level, limitations were often put on sentence length, topic, and vocabulary. Passage Comprehension Exercises Reading 1: Buzz Fly Listen and read along to a fiction or non-fiction passage, then answer questions based on that passage. Passage Comprehension Exercises Reading 5: Quack Splash Read the paragraphs on this page carefully, put them in the correct order, then answer questions about what you read. Passage Comprehension Exercises Reading 4: Book Monkeys: Book Two Study the table and answer questions about its content or structure. MAPs & Passage Comprehension Reading 4: Lulu’s Laundry Line Memory, Sequencing, Attention – Sentence Structure, Punctuation Rules MAPs & Reading to Learn Reading 5: Quack Splash Memory, Attention, Processing & Sequencing – Comprehension for longer passages A Big Jump from Reading 4 Fast ForWord to Reading 5 Skills No longer learning to read…. – prepares students to “read to learn” Focus on advanced comprehension and vocabulary – including Greek and Latin roots Advanced practice in spelling, decoding, and phonemic analysis MAPs & Reading to Learn Reading 5: Gator Jam Memory, Attention, Processing – Metacognitive understanding, Critical thinking, Figurative language MAPs & Reading to Learn Reading 5: Quack Splash Memory & Sequencing – Organization, Signal words, Writing skills Outcomes for Students Using Fast ForWord to Reading Products Reading after Language Reading Alone