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Milady’s Standard
Cosmetology
HISTOLOGY OF THE SKIN
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Copyright © 2004
by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning,Inc.
ANATOMY OF THE SKIN
 Dermatology—deals with the study of skin and its
nature, structure, functions, diseases, and treatment
 Dermatologist—a physician engaged in dermatology
 Esthetician—a specialist in the cleansing,
preservation of health, and beautification of the skin
and body
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HISTOLOGY OF THE SKIN
The skin is the largest and one of the most
important organs of the body.
 Healthy skin
 is slightly moist.
 is soft and flexible.
 has smooth and finegrained texture.
 possesses slightly acid
reaction.
 Appendages of the
skin:
 Hair
 Nails
 Sweat and oil glands
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HISTOLOGY OF THE SKIN
Epidermis
 Outermost layer, commonly
called cuticle or scarf skin
thinnest layer of skin; forms
protective covering; contains
no blood vessels
Dermis
 Inner layer of skin, called
derma, corium, or true skin;
about 25 times thicker than
the epidermis and is highly
sensitive
Figure 17-1
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EPIDERMIS
 Stratum corneum—horny outer layer. Its scale-like
cells are constantly shed and replaced. Cells contain
protein keratin and combine with thin covering of oil
to make the skin almost waterproof.
 Stratum lucidum—clear, transparent layer consisting
of small cells through which light can pass.
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EPIDERMIS
 Stratum granulosum—granular layer in which cells
look like granules. Cells are almost dead and are
pushed to the skin’s surface to replace those that are
shed from the stratum corneum.
 Stratum germinativum—formerly known as stratum
mucosum; deepest layer, responsible for growth of
the epidermis; contains pigment called melanin, also
found in hair. Pigment in this layer protects skin
cells from ultraviolet rays by cells called melanocytes
that produce melanin.
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DERMIS
 Papillary layer—lies directly beneath the epidermis;
contains small cone-shaped projections (called
papillae) of elastic tissue that point upward to the
epidermis. Some papillae contain looped capillaries.
Others contain nerve fiber endings for the sense of
touch called tactile corpuscles; contains melanin.
 Reticular layer—contains fat cells, blood and lymph
vessels, sweat and oil glands, hair follicles, and
arrector pili muscles. Supplies skin with oxygen and
nutrients.
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HOW SKIN IS NOURISHED
 Blood and lymph circulate through skin and
contribute essential material for growth,
nourishment, and repair of skin, hair, and
nails.
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NERVES OF THE SKIN
 Motor nerve fibers—distributed to arrector pili
muscles
 Sensory nerve fibers—react to heat, cold, touch,
pressure, and pain; send messages to the brain; found
in papillary layer; abundant in fingertips
 Secretory nerve fibers—distributed to sweat and oil
glands; regulate excretion of perspiration and control
flow of sebum to the surface of the skin
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SKIN COLOR
 Skin color depends on blood supply.
 Melanin, the pigment deposited
inside the stratum germinativum
and the papillary layer in the
dermis.
 Hereditary traits vary among races
and nationalities.
 Dark skin contains more melanin;
light skin contains less.
Figure 17-3
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STRENGTH and FLEXIBILITY
 Collagen
 Fibrous protein that gives skin form and strength
 Elastin
 Protein base that forms elastic tissue
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GLANDS OF THE SKIN
SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS
 Also called sweat glands
 Have coiled base and tube-like duct to skin surface
 Are numerous on palms, soles, forehead, and armpits
 Regulate body temperature
 Help eliminate waste
 Eliminate 1 to 2 pints of salty liquid daily; controlled
by the nervous system
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GLANDS OF THE SKIN
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
 These are oil glands.
 They are little sacs that open to skin’s surface.
 They secrete sebum.
 They are found everywhere except on palms
and soles.
 Sebum flows from ducts to follicles.
 If duct is clogged, oil will harden and a
blackhead will form.
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FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
PROTECTION
SENSATION
- Injury
- Bacteria
- Heat
- Touch
- Pressure
- Pain
EXCRETION
SECRETION
ABSORPTION
- Perspiration takes
salt and other
chemicals with it
- Oil lubricates skin
- Emotional stress
will increase the
flow
- Limited but will
absorb
- Female hormones
- Creams
HEAT
REGULATION
- Protects the body
from environment
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FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
SENSORY NERVE ENDINGS OF THE SKIN
Figure 17-5
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AGING OF THE SKIN
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The sun
The environment
Health habits
General lifestyle
 Cigarette smoking has been linked to premature
aging and wrinkling.
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SUN AND ITS EFFECTS
SUN EFFECT
 80% to 85% of aging is caused by the sun’s rays.
 UVA rays
 Aging rays
 90% of sun’s ultraviolet rays
 UVB rays
 Burning rays
 Effects on melanocytes, cells that produce melanin
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SUN AND ITS EFFECTS
PRECAUTIONS
 Wear protective lotion
 Avoid sun exposure during peak hours
 Apply sunscreen liberally after swimming
 Avoid exposing children under six months
 Wear hat and protective clothing outdoors
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SKIN AGING AND THE
ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
 Pollutants from factories
 Emissions from automobiles
 Secondhand cigarette smoke
DEFENSE
 Good daily skin care routine
 Washing and exfoliating
 Using moisturizers, protective lotions, foundation
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
 Primary lesions
(LEE-zhuns)
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Bulla
Cyst
Macule
Papule
Pustule
Tubercle
Tumor
Vesicle
Wheal
Figure 17-6
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
 Secondary lesions
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Crust
Excoriation
Fissure
Keloid
Scale
Erosion
Ulcer
Figure 17-10
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
SEBACEOUS (OIL)
GLANDS
 Comedone—blackhead;
worm-like mass of
hardened sebum in hair
follicle
 Milia—whiteheads
caused by accumulation
of sebaceous matter
beneath skin
Figure 17 - 12
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS
 Acne—skin disorder
characterized by chronic
inflammation of the
sebaceous glands from
retained secretions
 Seborrhea—excessive
secretion of sebaceous
glands
Figure 17-14
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS
 Asteatosis—excessive
dryness; scaly skin; partial
deficiency of sebum
 Rosacea—chronic congestion
appearing primarily on the
cheeks and nose
 Steatoma—tumor in the
subcutanous tissue filled
with sebum ranging in size
from a pea to an orange
Figure 17-15
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
SUDORIFEROUS (SWEAT) GLANDS
 Anhidrosis (an-hih-DROH-sis)—lack of
perspiration, often a result of fever
 Bromhidrosis (broh-mih-DROH-sis)—foul
smelling perspiration
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
 Hyperhidrosis (hy-per-hy-DROH-sis)—
excessive perspiration
 Miliaria rubra—prickly heat; an acute
disorder characterized by eruption of small
red vesicles resulting in burning and itching;
caused by excessive heat
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
SKIN INFLAMMATIONS
 Dermatitis—inflammatory
condition of skin with
lesions
 Eczema (EG- zuh-muh)—
skin inflammation of acute
or chronic nature,
presenting many forms of
dry or moist lesions;
accompanied by itching or
burning
Figure 17-16
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
 Herpes simplex—recurring
virus infection, commonly
called fever blisters
 Psoriasis (suh-RY-uh-sis)—
common, chronic,
inflammatory skin disease
found on scalp, elbows,
knees, and chest
Figure 17 -18
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
OCCUPATIONAL DISORDERS
 Abnormal conditions can result from contact with
chemicals or tints.
 Allergies can be developed to ingredients in
cosmetics, antiseptics, perm solutions, and aniline
derivative tints.
 These can cause dermatitis venenata–eruptive skin
infections.
 To prevent, use rubber gloves and protective creams.
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
PIGMENTATIONS OF THE SKIN
 Lentigines—freckles; small yellow- to brown-colored
spots on parts exposed to sunlight and air
 Leukoderma—abnormal white patches in the skin due
to congenital defective pigmentation
 Nevus—birthmark
 Stains—abnormal brown skin patches having a circular
or irregular shape; occur during aging, after certain
diseases, and after disappearance of moles, freckles, and
liver spots
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
PIGMENTATIONS OF THE SKIN
 Tan—caused by exposure of the sun
 Chloasma—increased deposits of pigment in the skin;
found mainly on forehead, nose, and cheeks; also
called moth patches or liver spots
 Albinism—the absence of melanin pigment of the
body, skin, hair, and eyes
 Vitiligo—acquired condition of leukoderma affecting
skin or hair
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
HYPERTROPHIES OF THE SKIN
 Keratoma—an acquired thickened patch of skin
or epidermis due to pressure of friction on hands
and feet. If it grows inward, it is called a corn.
 Mole—small, brownish spot or blemish on the
skin, believed to be inherited; range in color
from pale tan to brown to bluish black. Some are
small and flat; others are raised and darker. DO
NOT REMOVE HAIR FROM MOLES.
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
HYPERTROPHIES OF THE SKIN
 Skin tag—small brown or flesh-colored
outgrowth of the skin
 Verruca (vuh-ROO-kuh) or wart—caused by a
virus and is infectious; can spread from one
location to another, particularly along a
scratch in the skin
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
SKIN CANCER
 Basal cell carcinoma
(kar-sin-OH-muh)
Figure 17-23
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DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
SKIN CANCER
 Squamous
(SKWAY-mus) cell
carcinoma
 Malignant melanoma
(mel-uh-NOH-muh)
Figure 17-25
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MAINTAINING HEALTH OF THE
SKIN
VITAMINS and SUPPLEMENTS
Vitamin A
 Aids in health, function, and repair of skin cells
 Is an antioxidant that can help prevent skin cancer
 Can improve skin’s elasticity
 Known as retinoic acid or Retin-A as a prescription
cream
Vitamin C
 Needed for proper repair of skin and tissues
 Speeds up healing process
 Promotes collagen production
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MAINTAINING HEALTH OF THE
SKIN
VITAMINS and SUPPLEMENTS
Vitamin D
 Promotes healthy skin
 Promotes rapid healing of the skin
Vitamin E
 Helps to heal damage to skin’s tissues
 Topically, helps heal structural damage to skin
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MAINTAINING HEALTH OF THE
SKIN
VITAMINS and SUPPLEMENTS
Water
 Composes 50% to 70% of body’s weight
 Sustains health of the cells
 Aids in elimination of toxins and waste
 Helps regulate body’s temperature
 Average person’s needs—8 to 10 (8 ounces) glasses of water
a day
Dehydration
 Slows metabolism
 75% of Americans chronically dehydrated
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SKIN DISEASE DEFINITIONS
disease—any departure from normal state of health
acute disease—one with symptoms of a more or less
violent character such as fever
chronic disease—one of long duration, mild but
recurring
infectious disease—due to bacterial or viral germs
resulting from contact with contaminated objects
contagious—communicable by contact
congenital—born with it
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SKIN DISEASE DEFINITIONS
seasonal—influenced by weather
occupational—due to certain kinds of employment that
involve coming in contact with chemicals and the like
parasitic disease—one caused by parasites (ringworm)
pathogenic disease—produced by disease-causing bacteria
(staph or strep viruses)
systemic—due to under- or overfunctioning of internal
glands; may be caused by a faulty diet
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SKIN DISEASE DEFINITIONS
venereal disease—contagious, caused by contact with an infected
person during sexual intercourse
epidemic—simultaneously attacks a large number of people living
in a particular locality (flu, smallpox)
allergy—a sensitivity to normally harmless substances such as
cosmetics, medicines, tints, and certain foods
inflammation—characterized by redness, pain, swelling, or heat
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SUMMARY
 The skin is the largest organ of the body and protects
us from the environment.
 It regulates body temperature and provides
sensation.
 Skin can be affected quite easily by most salon
services.
 It is important that you know what products can
penetrate the skin and what effects they will have on
your clients.
 By learning to identify various diseases and disorders
of the skin, you will be able to provide more effective
and safe services for your clients.
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