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INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
Characteristics and Treatment of
Common Skin Disorders
• OPEN BOOK TO PAGE 79 AND KEEP
OPEN TO USE AS REFERENCE
ACNE
• Acne vulgaris
• Common and chronic disorder of the sebaceous
glands
• Secrete excessive oil which is deposited at the
openings of the glands; eventually the oily
deposit becomes hard (keratinized), plugging up
the opening
• The openings become filled with leukocytes
(WBC) which cause the accumulation of pus
• Occurs most often in adolescence and is marked
by blackheads, cysts, pimples, and scarring
Albinism
• Absence of melanin (partial or total lack)
• Congenital hereditary condition
• Total albinos have pale skin that does not tan,
white hair, pink eyes, nystagmus
(movements/jerking of the eyes), astigmatism
(blurred vision), and photophobia (abnormal
sensitivity to light, especially by the eyes)
• All are prone to severe sunburn, actinic
dermatitis (rash from sun exposure), and skin
cancer
ALOPECIA
• Baldness; permanent hair loss
• Genetic predisposition in some males
• The normal hair is replaced by a very short
hair which is transparent
• Males typically experience more hair loss
than women and at a younger age
(women can have it)
• Treatment included medications (topical
and oral) and hair transplants
ATHLETE’S FOOT
• Contagious fungal infection
• Infects the superficial skin layer and leads to
skin eruptions
• Characterized by the formation of small blisters
between the fingers and most often the toes;
accompanied by cracking and scaling
• Usually contracted in public baths or showers
• Treatment involves thorough cleaning and drying
of the affected area along with special anitfungal
agents
DERMATITIS
• Inflammation of the skin which may be
nonspecific
• Rash: can be a reaction to soap, plants, etc.;
considered contact dermatitis
• Treat contact dermatitis by removing the
irritant, wash the area, and apply topical
ointments to reduce inflammation and itching
• Skin blotches: can be caused by stress
ECZEMA
• Acute or chronic noncontagious inflammatory skin
disease
• Skin becomes dry, red, itchy, and scaly
• Most common type is atopic eczema: an allergic
reaction that usually occurs in the first year of life
• Treatment: removal or avoidance of the causative
agent, as well as application of topical
medications containing hydrocortisone
• Medication only helps to alleviate the symptoms
IMPETIGO
• Acute, inflammatory, and contagious skin
disease seen in babies and young children
• Caused by staphylococcus or
streptococcus organism
• Characterized by the appearance of
vesicles that rupture and develop distinct
yellow crusts
• Treatment: topical antibacterial cream and
oral anitbiotics
PSORIASIS
• Chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized
by the development of dry reddish patches which
are covered with a silvery –white scales
• Affects the skin surface over the elbows, knees,
shins, scalp, and lower back
• Cause is unknown; onsets may be triggered by
stress, trauma, or infection
• Treatment: none definitive at present;
moisturizers help keep the skin soft and reduce
scales and thus the pain of cracking skin
RINGWORM
• Highly contagious fungal infection marked
by raised, itchy, circular patches with
crusts
• May occur on the skin, scalp, and
underneath the nails
• Treatment: anti fungal drugs
URTICARIA/HIVES
• Skin condition recognized by the appearance of
intensely itching wheals or welts
• Have an elevated, usually white center, with a
surrounding pink area
• Appear in clusters distributed over the entire
body surface
• Last 1-2 days
• Generally a response to an allergen (such as a
food or drug)
• Complete avoidance and elimination of the
causative factor(s) alleviate the problem
BOILS
• Painful bacterial infection of the hair
follicles or sebaceous glands usually
caused by the staphylococcus organism
• If it becomes more extensive and is deeply
embedded, it is called a carbuncle
• Treatment: antibiotics and an excision and
drainage of the affected area
ROSACEA
• Common inflammatory disorder characterized by
chronic redness and irritation to the face
• Most often affects fair-skinned adults
• If s/s worsen, small blood vessels on the nose
and cheeks enlarge and become visible, small
red bumps or pustules may appear and spread
across the face
• Treatment: avoid triggers that aggravate the
condition and use of a topical or oral antibiotic
medication
HERPES
• Viral infection that is usually seen as a
blister
• Most common types: herpes simplex,
genital herpes, and herpes zoster (shingles)
• Involves periods of remission and
exacerbation
• HERPES SIMPLEX
– Occurs around the mouth and is known as a
fever blister or cold sore
– May be spread through oral contact
HERPES
• GENITAL HERPES
– May appear as a fever blister in the genital
area
– Usually spread through sexual contact
– Treatment: antiviral medication such as
acyclovir
– Can be passed from mother to baby during
vaginal delivery
HERPES
• HERPES ZOSTER (SHINGLES)
– Skin eruptions due to a virus infection of the
nerve endings
– Same virus as the one that causes chicken pox
– Commonly seen on the chest or abdomen,
accompanied by severe pain known as herpetic
neuralgia
– Serious in people who are elderly or debilitated
– Treatment consists of medication for pain and
itching and protecting the area
SKIN CANCER
• Associated with exposure to UV light
• Most common type of cancer in people
• Basal cell carcinoma
– Most common and least malignant, usually
occurs on the face
– Treatment: surgical removal, radiation, or
cryosurgery
• Cryosrugery: destruction of tissue by freezing, using
liquid nitrogen
– Full recovery occurs in 99% of the cases
continued
• Squamous cell carcinoma
– Arises from the epidermis and occurs most
often on the scalp and lower lip
– Grows rapidly and metastasizes to the lymph
nodes
– Treated by surgical removal or radiation
– Chances are good if found early
….
• Malignant melanoma
– Occurs in pigmented cells of the skin called
melanocytes
– Metastasize to other areas quickly
– May appear as a brown or black irregular
patch which occurs suddenly
– A change in a preexisting wart or mole may
also indicate melanoma
– Treatment: surgical removal of the melanoma
and the surrounding area and chemotherapy
BURNS (pg 84)
• Traumatic injury as the result of radiation
from the sun (sunburn), a heat lamp, or
contact with boiling water, steam, fire,
chemicals, or electricity
• When the skin is burned, dehydration and
infection may occur
• Referred to as first, second, or third
degree depending on the skin layers
affected and the symptoms
FIRST DEGREE BURNS
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Also called superficial burns
Involve only the epidermis
Symptoms are redness, swelling, and pain
Treatment: application on cold water
Healing occurs within one week
SECOND DEGREE BURNS
• Also called partial thickness burns
• May involve the epidermis and dermis
• Symptoms include pain, swelling, redness,
and blistering
• Treatment: may include pain medication
and dry sterile dressings applied to open
skin areas
• Healing generally occurs within 2 weeks
THIRD DEGREE BURNS
• Full thickness burns
• Involve complete destruction of the epidermis,
dermis, and subcutaneous layers
• Symptoms include loss of skin, eschar (blackened
skin), yet possibly no pain (WHY?)
• May be a life-threatening situation depending on
the amount of skin damaged, and fluid and
plasma lost
• Requires immediate hospitalization
• Treatment: prevention of infection, contracture,
and fluid replacement
• Skin grafting is done as soon as possible
RULE OF NINES
• Measures the percent of the body burned
• The body is divided into 11 areas and
each area accounts for 9% of the total
body surface.
• For example, each arm is 4.5%; the
perineal area accounts for 1%
• SEE FIGURE 5-7 pg 83.