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Evolution Vocabulary “I have…Who has..?” bottleneck effect genetic drift resulting from a drastic reduction in population size, often caused by natural disaster vestigial structure a structure that has decreased in size or function; appendix or whale leg bones are examples analogous structure a structures that have the same function, but are not evolutionarily related directional selection an example of natural selection that favors one end of a phenotypic spectrum and acts against another; example is if light brown snails were once favored, now dark naturalbut selection thatbrown favors snails have better successrather intermediate phenotypes than the extreme phenotypes stabilizing selection Evolution Change in a population over time Natural variation Differences among individuals of a species Artificial selection When humans select organisms to breed Adaptation An inherited trait that increases and organism’s chance of survival biological species a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring mutation camouflage a change in DNA, may cause evolution in future populations when an organism blends in with their environment mimicry when one species evolves to resemble another species fossil record evidence of evolution through rock strata, preserved organisms, and differences seen over millions of years in geological time a post-zygotic barrier where offspring cannot produce functional gametes, as in mules hybrid sterility natural selection success of populations based on their phenotypes and how well they can survive in their environments temporal isolation a pre-zygotic barrier that happens when organisms breed at different times behavioral isolation a pre-zygotic barrier that happens when organisms are not attracted sexually to members of another species due to traits like mating dances or calls geographical isolation adaptive radiation founder effect a physical separation of groups within a population that may lead to speciation the emergence of many species from one common ancestor; Darwin’s finches are an example random change in a gene pool that happens when a small group leaves a larger group disruptive selection Natural selection that favors extreme phenotype and not average ones convergent evolution when unrelated species evolve similar traits, like a shark and a dolphin homologous structure a structure that has the same embryological origin, but different functions; examples are the arm bones of humans, birds, and bats gene pool gene flow all the genes in a population No genes entering or leaving a population