Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Modern Europe II Unit 3 - Industrial Revolution and Reform, 1815-1848 The Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution was one of the great revolutions of mankind First being the Neolithic (agricultural) revolution Last of Great Revolutions that shaped modern Europe Importance Radically changed the methods of production Before, humans were limited to human and animal power Now, humans were able to harness the power of machines Able to mass produce goods Leads to a changes in lifestyles (e.g., workplaces and free time) Supported Western expansion into other countries The Industrial Revolution Began in Britain around 1750 Causes go back to the Glorious Revolution (1688) By 1830, it had spread to the continent Wealthy landowners took control of Parliament From this point until 1832, this “squirearchy” was in control Their focus was to make more money How do landowners make more money? Need to increase the production of the land that they had Done by increasing crop yields and raising fatter sheep and cattle The question became “how to do it?” Dutch Agricultural Revolution Dutch Agricultural Revolution (c. 1650) How? Dutch population was increasing too rapidly for food supplies to keep up with In Amsterdam alone, the population shot up from 30,000 to 200,000 over the course of the century Needed to drastically increase agricultural production Focused their efforts on increasing crop yields Enclosing the fields, raising new crops, and crop rotation Heavy fertilization using manure They also did not have serfdom so the peasantry could move where necessary Protests Against Enclosure Agricultural Revolution in Britain British wanted to adopt many of the Dutch techniques Biggest controversy: enclosure Sectioning off of land by the use of a fence, wall, or hedge Old medieval laws had allowed peasants to use the open fields to graze their own animals During the early Tudor dynasty, there were attempts by the landowners to enclose their lands This was mainly to allow them to graze sheep as the cost of wool was skyrocketing at the time Peasants revolted and monarchy took the side of the peasantry Agricultural Revolution in Britain With the squirearchy, enclosure was going to be pushed Enclosure hurt the small landowner and farmer Parliament passed hundreds of enclosure acts By 1832, most of the land in England was enclosed No longer had a place to graze their animals Many were forced to sell what land they had Enclosure may have been beneficial to the landless Would be hired on as farmhands with wages There was also an increase in tenant farmers Charles “Turnip” Townshend (1674-1738) Agricultural Revolution in Britain Another method adopted was crop rotation Charles “Turnip” Townshend (1674-1738) Introduced the four-field crop rotation used in the Netherlands Included planting wheat, barley, turnips, and clover in the fields Introduced turnips as a major crop in England Jethro Tull (1674-1741) He invented the seed drill This meant less waste and more crop growth He also encouraged the use of horses for plowing Innovations were also made to improve the raising of domesticated stock like cattle and sheep Tull’s Seed Driller (c. 1752) Effects of the Agricultural Revolution Short term effects From 1700 to 1760, bountiful crops Better quality of life for most British Could spend income on things other than food More productive land meant less labor required to cultivate the same amount of food Long term effect: Less people were involved in agriculture By 1870, England produces 300% more than in 1700 Larger percentage is free to engage in industrial work Creates a new type of economy that was impossible in a purely agricultural economy Why Britain? Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Britain? Had a stable government There were numerous economic freedoms Tremendous amount of available capital Had a well developed central banking system Mobile population not tied to the land Easy access to water Rich with coal and iron ore Had plenty of colonies and control of the seas Damp climate Flatford Mill (c. 1816) Industrialism in Britain The Revolution was actually a series of processes based on demand After the Agricultural Revolution, focus became making even greater profits One invention lead to another This lead to new situations which call for even more changes Best way to do so was to increase the speed of production More goods could be made to meet the worldwide demand First modern factories were created in 1770s and 1780s Made for cotton textile industry This was where the greatest demand occurred Industrialism in Britain Industrial Revolution was a process The textile industry was the first affected New inventions led to new challenges which led to even more inventions Growth of this industry was based on demand As production increased, it led to the need for both power and iron Led to movement of both industry and population to the northern England Investment in industries Desire for increasing profit led to new methods and inventions First started by merchant capitalists Britain could afford industrialization The Spinning Mule The Cotton Industry Cotton industry was first affected Growing demand for cotton goods Britain tried to compete with Asia for cotton goods British industries could not keep up with demands The whole process—spinning, weaving, and printing—was done by hand Need led to improve the processing of cotton goods Two inventions helped to benefit the cottage industry Fly Shuttle (1733) allowed one person to weave cloth instead of two Spinning Jenny (c. 1764) increased the production of yarn The Cotton Industry More inventions allowed for mass production Water Frame (1769) allowed for not only the spinning of multiple threads, but was powered by water instead of humans Spinning Mule (1779) combined the spinning Jenny and the water frame and produced high quality thin yarns Power Loom (1785) changed the design of the water frame by allowing it to be powered by steam engine instead of water Between 1770 and 1790, production of yarn increased ten fold Now there was an increased demand for cotton Cotton picking and removal of seeds were all done by hand The Cotton Industry Cotton Gin (1793) Invented by Eli Whitney Automatically removed the seeds from the cotton Processing of cotton was sped up to meet the demand Birth of Cotton Mills Moving equipment into large buildings allowed cotton yarn could be massed produced From 1813 to 1850, number of power looms increased from 2,400 to over 250,000 Hand-loom weavers dropped from 250,000 in 1820 to only 3,000 in 1860 1830s British Cotton Mill with a Power Loom The Power Crisis The power crisis began around 1700 Government realized that the country was running out of its lumber supply Impacted every aspect of life No lumber meant no charcoal which meant no smelting of iron Many began turning to coal for a power source People had already been using coal for heating since 1700 in London Coal was very hard and expensive to extract Did not stop demand because coal was the only viable source There was the need to dig deeper mines and find ways of pumping the water out of the mines The Steam Engine Newcomen Steam Engine (1712) Built by Thomas Newcomen An “atmospheric engine” designed to run a more efficient water pump It consumed too much fuel for the amount of power it was producing Watt Steam Engine (1775) Invented by James Watt First true steam engine It had a rotary engine that could turn a shaft This meant that it could run machinery as well The Steam Engine Watt began selling the engine to the textile industry Many mills adopted the steam engine as a power source By 1850, 7/8’s of the power for the cotton industry came from the steam engine This had a huge impact on production of cotton Up until this point, the textile industry was limited to handlooms and water-powered looms Used this technology to improve the output of textiles In 1760, Britain produced 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton By 1840, this skyrocketed to 366 million pounds Price of cotton goods dropped to 1/20th their value Asia could not compete with Britain in cotton Puddling furnace (c. 1881) The Iron Industry The iron industry was also affected “Puddling” In 1740, over 17,000 tons of iron were produced in Britain In 1840, skyrocketed to over 3 million tons The center of the iron industry was Manchester Developed in the 170s to make clean iron This method was later used to create modern steel Led to a major boom in the iron industry Britain stilled used old medieval style methods of processing iron that used charcoal The coal and iron mines were located nearby along with a ready water supply Steel became a major component in construction and industry Illustration of the 1804 Pen-y-Darren Locomotive Revolution of Transportation Steam engine led to advancements in the transportation industry In order to make profits, one had to get goods from one place to another more cheaply and quickly While waterways were good, there was a demand for an even more effective method of transportation With this, there is the development of the railway Railways had been around since 1500 They were first developed for use in mines throughout Germany The idea was later adapted to British coal mines around 1600 Revolution of Transportation Pen-y-Darren Locomotive (1804) For the next few decades, the steam engine was improved upon First steam-powered locomotive For just over four hours, it carried ten tons of iron on five wagons with 70 men at an average speed of close to 5 mph Numerous inventors worked on ways to carry larger loads faster over longer distances The Rocket (1830) Built by George Stephenson Included the first public rail line It traveled 32 miles from Liverpool to Manchester at 16mph Revolution of Transportation By 1840, Britain had almost 2,000 miles of railroads Changed not only the face of Britain but it was also key to the expansion of the Industrial Revolution Many investors put money into railway industry By 1850, that was up to 6,000 miles with trains that reached speeds of 50mph Railroad companies were able to hire a lot of peasants and laborers, creating new jobs Reduced the costs in shipping Lower overall cost of manufacturing and thus lower prices Increase in demand created more jobs and factories Joseph de Maistre (1753-1821) Advent of the “Isms” Age of “Isms” (1815-1848) Rise of new new doctrines and movements Reflected changes brought about by the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution Conservativism Reactionary movement to protect the old school institutions Reaction against Revolutionary ideals Strongest in Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia Edmund Burke (1729-1797) against violent overthrow of government Joseph de Maistre (1753-1821) believed that only a monarch who had absolute control could bring about “order in society” Advent of the “Isms” Liberalism Origins: Came from the middle and professional classes Term first used in Spain by anti-Bonapartists Later adopted by French anti-monarchists after 1814 In Britain, ideas were adopted by the Whig party They believed in self-government and wanted representative governments They also promoted laissez-faire styled economics John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) On Liberty (1859) pushed the concept of moral and economic freedoms from the state His ideas include freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, freedom in morality, and freedom of assembly Advent of the “Isms” Radicalism Had its roots in Great Britain with the Philosophical Radicals They wanted to redo all of government This included granting the right to vote and participation in government to all free men Many wanted the abolition of the monarchy as well Republicanism Form of radicalism found on the continent Wanted to reconstruct the ideals of the Republic without the Reign of Terror Many of its followers came from the intelligentsia They embraced the ideas of the radicals Advent of the “Isms” Early Socialists (pre-1848) Believed that the economic system was aimless and unjust Economic power should be in the hands of the workers and not the owners Included communal ownership of industry, end of laissez-faire economics, and higher wages Wanted a more equal and fair distribution of wealth throughout society Robert Owen set up a cooperative in New Lanark, Britain Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) Believed industrial leaders should be put in positions of authority Population should be educated so it could evolve Advent of the “Isms” Feminism Shared similar ideas with the liberals and radicals Main concern was to expand the rights of women Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) Wanted more equality in private life (e.g., not losing property when married) Wanted the right to vote and receive the same civil rights as men This stated that women had the same innate capacity for reason and self-government as men Relations between the sexes ought to be based on equality Saint Simonian Movement Called for women to be well-educated to raise intelligent and competent children Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) Nationalism Started as cultural nationalism but eventually turned to politics Nationalism was strongest in disorganized and divided countries Included Italy, Germany, Poland, and Austria Was pushed by the intelligentsia Wanted the creation of either a separate nation or a unified one Played on Herder’s idea of Volksgeist Early nationalist movements met in secret They called for the overthrow of government Led to the creation of many secret societies, especially in Italy Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) Italian Nationalism Carbonari (“Charcoal Burners”) Apophasimenes Secret society organized in Naples during Napoleon’s reign Pushed to get a constitution in Naples in 1820 Called for the unification of Italy through popular uprising La Giovine Italia (Young Italy) Formed by Giuseppe Mazzini in 1831 Wanted to create an independent and unified Italy out of the states occupied by Austria In 1834, Mazzini unsuccessfully led an uprising against the Kingdom of Sardinia Georg Wilhelm Frederick Hegel (1770-1831) German Nationalism Germans had a national culture but not a unified state Became another hotspot for nationalism Georg Wilhelm Frederick Hegel (1770-1831) Believed that a people must possess a powerful and free state if they are to enjoy things such as freedom or order “Universal Spirit” – Thesis, antithesis, and synthesis Non-unified state of Germany (the thesis) would create a unification movement (the antithesis) The synthesis would become a unified Germany Helped to push the study of history to find the “universal spirit” Part of the growing nationalism movement and tied in with Hegel’s work was the development of modern history German Nationalism Grimm Brothers - Grimm’s Fairy Tales (1812) Friedrich List (1789-1846) Traveled throughout Germany collecting different folktales Part of this was to find the Volk of the German people Believed that each country had to develop its own economic scheme based on its history Not every country can use the same economic system Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886) Reflected the nationalistic spirit found in Germany A common theme was the greatness of all the European countries and their ability to coexist Called for Germans to develop their own sense of identity to kept the greatness of Europe alive Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886) Nationalism in Eastern Europe In Poland, nationalism was focused on the recreation of the Polish state In the rest of eastern Europe, many different nationalistic movements broke out Most of them were based more on cultural nationalism than political Their own culture was unique and should be preserved Rise of Magyar nationalism in the Austrian empire The Slavic Revival in eastern Europe and Russia which led later to the Pan-Slavic movement Alexander I (1777-1825) Reaction and Restoration: 1815-1830 After 1815, many powers wanted to prevent another Revolution and Napoleon from happening again Conservatives had the power in many governments They wanted to prevent any liberalism from tainting them Big Four powers wanted to keep the old school type of politics Alexander I did make some moderate changes (e.g., constitutions and representative governments) Many on the left wing felt that these changes were not enough and called for more liberal reforms Louis XVIII (1815-1824) Restoration in France Post-1815 France was conservative and reactionary “White Terror” Rise of the ultra-royalists Wanted to bring back the grandeur of the Old Regime Against any type of limited monarchy, including a constitutional one Louis XVIII (1814-1824) Broke out in France against Republicans, Protestants, and Bonapartists Massacres of Protestants occurred in Marseilles and Toulouse in 1815 He tried to keep the government moderate Included the hiring of moderate advisors and councilors Legislative bodies were ultra-royalists Saw Louis as being too moderate Charles X (1824-1830) Reaction in France Charles X (1824-1830) Brother of Louis XVIII He wanted to bring back the Old Regime in all of its glory Conservative policies: Anti-Sacrilege Act (1824) Prohibited any type of sacrilege against the host The punishments included perpetual forced labor up to mutilation and beheading Granted indemnities to all of the aristocracy who had lost land during the Revolution Wanted the Catholic Church to take greater control of the educational system Reaction in France Liberals wanted Charles to hire more moderate ministers They would be answerable to the legislature In 1829, he appointed the ultra-conservative Jules Armand de Polignac as his chief minister Chamber of Deputies protested this July Ordinances (July 1830) It dissolved the Chamber of Deputies and called for new elections The bourgeoisie were prohibited from running for office Created a new Council of State with many ultra-royalists as ministers It suspended freedom of the press Leads to the July Revolution George IV of Britain Prince Regent (1811-1820) King (1820-1830) Reaction in Britain Tory Control Corn Law of 1815 In 1815, the government was in the hands of the large landowners At the time, Britain faced severe economic problems Parliament placed a very high tariff on imported grain Good for large landowners because the price of grain rose Bad for the working class who now could barely afford food Spa Fields Riots (December 9, 1816) Radicals protested against the Corn Laws and the Tory rule Some looted gunshop in order to seize the Tower of London Troops were brought in to stop the crowd Reaction in Britain Attack on the Prince Regent (January 28, 1817) His carriage was attacked after he left the opening of Parliament The windows were smashed in Some thought a revolution was about to take place Gag Acts of 1817 Parliament suspended Habeas Corpus Banned all seditious meetings Ordered the arrest of all writers and printers of seditious material Was used by industry owners to place spies in their factories Reaction in Britain Peterloo Massacre (August 16, 1819) Crowd of 60,000 protested against the high grain prices at St. Peter’s Field in Manchester Demanded parliamentary reform as well Military was called in to put down the protest 11 people were killed with over 400 wounded Six Acts (1819) Passed in response to growing protests Allowed for the search and seizure of weapons Prevented meetings of more than 50 people not for “church or state” affairs Allowed for detainment in a penal colony for those publishing seditious material Francis I of Austria (1792-1835) Reaction in Austria Francis I of Austria (1792-1835) Was strongly against any form of radicalism Most policies were directed by Metternich Pushed for conservatism under pressure from Francis Was not willing to work with liberals or nationals Believed that the old system was necessary to keep Austria functioning Anything else would destroy it Played a key role in maintaining the balance of power in Europe Frederick William III (1797-1840) Reaction in Germany Reaction to the Germanic Federation Many Germans were unsatisfied and instead called for a unified Germany First turned to Prussia for help as it originally implemented numerous reforms Frederick William III (1797-1840) After 1815 became much more reactionary Refused the creation of a legislative assembly or a representative government Had little interest in creating a unified Germany Reaction in Germany Burschenschaften Liberal students began organizing into these student societies First one was created in June 1815 at the University of Jena Their main purpose was to create a unified Germany Motto: “Honor, Liberty, Fatherland” Wartburg Festival (October 18, 1817) Groups of Burschenschaften met in the city of Wartburg to celebrate the 300th anniversary of Luther’s 95 Theses Many students burned books by reactionary authors Was peaceful but caused uneasiness with many governments Reaction in Germany Assassination of August von Kotzebue (March 23, 1819) Metternich could no longer stand by and do nothing Was a reactionary writer Assassin was theology student, Karl Ludwig Sand Sand stated Kotzebue was an enemy of the German state He called together a conference of the main German states Carlsbad Decrees (September 1819) They were later passed by the legislative body (Bund) Dissolved the Burschenscaften and other student groups Censored all printed material Effectively repressed the liberal movement in the German states Alexander I (1801-1825) Reaction in Russia Alexander I (1801-1825) After 1815 started following more conservative policy Liberals were repressed inside of Russia Formation of secret societies Northern Union of Salvation Included veterans of the war against France Called for a constitutional monarchy and giving land to peasants On December 1, 1825, Tsar Alexander I died His brother, Constantine, was to ascend to the throne But he had abdicated a few days later in favor of his brother Nikolai Reaction in Russia Northern Union told the troops not to swear an oath of allegiance to Nikolai They believed that Constantine would be more open to reform The revolt was quickly put down Nikolai I (1825-1855) Instituted reactionary policies against the liberals Set up the political police known as the Third Section They were allowed to arrest and deport anyone they thought was suspicious or dangerous to the state of Russia Nicolas I (1825-1855) Congress System After 1815, the Big Four powers wanted to maintain their conservative governments Congress System Also known as the “Concert of Europe” Designed to keep the balance of power and to maintain the ideals of conservatism “Holy Alliance” Powers were held together by their faith Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (Fall 1818) focused on France Discussed the withdrawal of occupation troops Then added France to the alliance (created Quintuple Alliance) Congress System Congress of Laibach (January-May, 1821) Designed to deal with the Spanish Civil War and the Revolt in the Two Scilies In both cases, the conservative governments were overthrown by radical groups Metternich issued his Troppau Protocol If a country’s government was overthrown by revolution, it was no longer part of the European alliance If this new government was seen as a threat to the rest of Europe, it is the duty of the other countries to end that threat It was an attempt by Metternich to keep the balance of power in Europe France and Britain refused to go along with it Congress System Congress of Verona (October 20-December 14, 1822) Two main issues Greek War of Independence (1821-1829) Greek nationals led a revolt against the Ottoman Empire They were hoping to gain independence with the help of Russia Continuing problems in Spain By 1822, Ferdinand VII was a virtual prisoner There were calls for armed intervention in Spain Britain refused to participate as part of an international force France was willing to join as it did not want a revolutionary government right next door Congress System Restoration of Ferdinand VII Ferdinand VII was reinstated as king by August 1823 He instituted repressive and brutal measures against the liberals and revolutionaries Failure of the Congress System Congress system’s main goal was to preserve the status quo However, each member had its own agenda In the case of Britain, it was not willing to give up its independence to be part of an international force Strengthening liberalism and nationalism Because of its repressive measures, the Quintuple Alliance actually strengthened the liberal and nationalist forces Liberty Leading the People July Revolution Revolutions 1830-1832 The reactionary system broke in 1830 with the July Revolution in France It continued on in Belgium, Poland, and Italy Liberalism began to win out over conservatism July Revolution (July 27-29, 1830) Response of France to the publication of the July Ordinances Middle bourgeoisie were angered at losing their political rights Started riots in the city of Paris Barricades were set up around the city A new provisional government was set up Charles abdicated in favor of his 10-year-old grandson, Henri July Revolution Louis-Philippe (1830-1848) Duke of Orléans He had fought for the Revolution and had been a member of the Jacobin club Was crowned on August 9, 1830 as “King of the French” rather than “King of France” Promised to uphold the Charter of 1814 Some modifications were made to the Charter Called for a greater amount of voters for the Chamber of Deputies from 100,000 to 200,000 This meant that 1/30th of the male population could vote Gave power to the upper Bourgeoisie Many were fearful this was a “true” revolution King Louis-Philippe (1830-1848) Belgian Revolution United Kingdom of the Netherlands United Provinces of the Netherlands and the Austrian Netherlands had been united under one crown in 1815 Nice idea but did not work Tensions between Belgians and Dutch Dutch were the majority Dominated all aspects of life: politically, economically, and socially Laws were designed to benefit primarily the Dutch Belgians were used to self-rule The Dutch did not allow for this Belgian Revolution Belgians were very different from their northern counterparts In 1823, the government made Dutch the official Belgians were Catholic while in the north they were Protestant Belgians were uncomfortable with Calvinist king William I The Belgians spoke French, not Dutch It was revoked in June 1830, but remained an issue On August 25, 1830 riots broke out in the city of Brussels The rioters at first demanded self-rule As more radicals took control of the riots, they demanded secession from the Dutch state Belgian Revolution William I was unsuccessful in putting down the rebellion Secession Called for elections for a National Congress to draw up a new constitution On October 4, 1830, issued a Declaration of Independence Major powers attempted to intervene but both sides refused treaties Mainly due to the French sending in troops to help the Belgians The powers agreed that that the kingdom should be divided Creation of Belgium On February 7, 1831, a new constitution was completed Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg was chosen as their new king The Belgian Revolution November Revolution Initially, Poland enjoyed some liberalism After 1815, Alexander began repressing liberal ideas in Poland like he had in Russia Appointed reactionary Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich as governor-general This went against the constitution of Poland Set up a secret police to put down secret societies Also enacted censorship of the press After 1825, the sessions of the Polish parliament were kept secret November Revolution November Revolution Alexander planned to send Russian troops through Poland to put down the revolutions in France and Belgium November 29, 1830, a group of cadets from Warsaw attacked the place that Pavlovich was residing in Removed the Russian ministers from the government December 13, the Polish parliament announced official uprising January 25, 1831, the parliament officially dethroned Nikolai Russia responded by sending troops in February 1831 Without any international aid, the Poles were crushed Poland was absorbed into the Russian Empire Polish Revolution of 1830 Reform in Great Britain Britain changed through reform rather than revolution Rise of the Liberal Tories Eased up on numerous trade restrictions Revoked the Test Acts to allow Catholics legal equality Designed a more effective criminal justice system (“bobbies”) Could not revoke Corn Laws Could not reform House of Commons Lack of Representation Only those “forty-shilling freeholders” could vote House of Commons was dominated by the wealthy landowners Reform in Great Britain Impact of the July Revolution Gave inspiration to the radicals Gave hope to the middle class as the bourgeoisie were able to gain power so quickly Many were demanding reforms Reform Bills were introduced House of Commons refused the first Whigs resigned from office in protest but returned Next bill passed the Commons but failed in Lords People were fearful of a potential revolution Reform in Great Britain Reform Act of 1832 Proposed by Prime Minister Lord Charles Earl Grey Designed to “take effectual Measures for correcting diverse Abuses that have long prevailed in the Choice of Members to serve in the Commons” Eliminated votes from small populations (“rotten” boroughs) Reallocated 143 parliamentary seats from the rural south to the industrial north Expanded number of eligible voters by 60% (1:6 could vote) Voters were required to have at least £10 worth of property Landed aristocracy still had the political strength to dominate politics Reform in Great Britain More reforms Slavery was abolished throughout the British Empire in 1833 Municipal Corporations Act (1835) reorganized the political structures of cities In 1836, Commons was opened to journalists to report on who voted for what Tory Counteroffensive Became the champions of the industrial working class Pushed through the Factory Acts of the 1830s and 1840s Most important one was the Ten Hours Act (1847) Reform in Great Britain Repeal of the Corn Laws (1846) Pushed through by the Whigs and the Anti-Corn Law League Saw how the inflated price of corn was affecting working class Promoted repeal through political rallies, tea gatherings, and torchlight processions Also, there was a growing famine in Ireland Shift in focus No longer was the landed gentry the focus of politics Now it was the industrial classes, both the owners and workers Two concerns: promoting free trade and maintaining Britian’s domination of the seas Charles Earl Grey Prime Minister (1830-1834) Triumph of the Bourgeoisie After 1830, things improved for the bourgeoisie England saw the greatest changes Greater enfranchisement of the middle class 1:8 men were eligible to vote Did not have full control of industry due to Tory legislation but had greater freedoms France was more limited Only 1:30 men could vote Aristocracy still had more control but was weakening Less restrictions on the working conditions than Britain Gave industry leaders more control Triumph of the Bourgeoisie Financial impact of the bourgeoisie Industry continues to grow Rise of corporations and stock companies Western European nations see steady rise in income Only a few people saw the increase in wealth They reinvested it in their businesses Many in the working class felt cheated They had hoped the revolutions of 1830 would have caused greater change Instead they still were not able to vote Radicals in France and Britain wanted more change Triumph of the Bourgeoisie Characteristics of the labor market Focused on ideas of the Manchester School Labor should receive minimum wage to survive Work was a commodity and wages should be dependent upon the need for workers Factory work should be miserable so people would want to rise out of it Poor Law of 1834 Gave relief to the poor Made life miserable so people would not continue to live on it Were required to live in workhouses or poorhouses Did nothing to help people get out of poverty Chartist Riots Chartism Since revolutions did not work, workers turned to other means for change Slow formation of labor unions Turn to socialism (esp. in France) In Britain, turn to Chartism Chartism Grew in response to the Reform Act of 1832 Included working class and radicals who wanted greater enfranchisement Small group, including Members of Parliament, published the People’s Charter in 1838 Chartism Charter of 1838 Was a six-point plan that demanded: Annual elections for the House of Commons Suffrage for all males over the age of 21 Voting by secret ballot Equal electoral districts Payment of salaries for members of Parliament Chartist Convention (February-May 1839) Was attended by labor unionists, radicals, and poor workers Some called for strikes and violence Others wanted to put non-violent pressure on Parliament Chartism In June 1839, a petition was submitted to the House of Commons Led to a wave of violence Listed the main grievances of the chartists Signed by over 1 million people The Commons overwhelmingly voted the petition down Sparked by the more radical wing of the chartists Believed only violence could bring change Put down by the military Worsening economic conditions Britain suffered from an economic depression in 1841-1842 Chartism became more and more popular Chartism Another petition was brought forth in May 1842 This time signed by over 3.3 million people Once again, it was rejected by the Commons Plug Plot Riots After the rejection, general strikes broke out Involved half a million workers Demanded wages to be restored to 1820 values Also wanted 10-hour work days Known as the “plug plot riots” because workers removed plugs from the steam boilers so they could not be used in the factories Over 1,500 workers were arrested Chartism Chartists disagreed about tactics and goals William Lovett Feargus O’Connor Focused on self-improvement through education Wanted to use non-violent means to get political change Appealed to the impoverished and desperate class of workers Attacked industrialization Land Plan - Buy huge estates and lease small plots to farmers Bronterre O’Brien Openly admired Robespierre and Gracchus Babeuf Focused on violent revolution Chartism Kennington Commons Protest (April 10, 1848) Chartists planned a major show of force in London Around 25,000 workers marched to Parliament Presented a petition of 1.9 million signatures demanding the Six Points However, many of the signatures were forgeries This discredited the movement Many of the supporters turned to other radical movements Britain will eventually adopt most of the Six Points However it will not occur until 1918 Protest of 1848