Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
France’s Ultimate Monarch Chapter 21 section 2 Page 518 What is a Protestant? Is a protestant Catholic? Is a Protestant Christian? What is the difference between a Protestant and a Catholic? Give an example of a Protestant religion In 1559, King Henry II of France died leaving 4 young sons Three of them ruled, but all were incompetent Real power behind the throne was their mother, Catherine de Medicis She tried to preserve royal authority but conflicts between Catholics and Huguenots (French Protestants) rocked the country Religious Wars Create a Crisis 1562-1598, Catholics and Huguenots fought 8 religious wars St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in Paris sparked a 6 week, nationwide slaughter of the Huguenots Henry of Navarre Massacre began when many Huguenot nobles were in Paris attending the marriage of Catherine’s daughter to a Huguenot prince- Henry of Navarre Most of the nobles died, but Henry survived He was a descendent of Louis IX, and was athletic, strong and handsome Kingdom of Navarre From Protestant to Catholicism Henry inherited the French throne after Catherine and her last son died in 1589 He became Henry IV, the first king of the Bourbon dynasty in France Many Catholics opposed Henry For the sake of his country, Henry chose to give up Protestantism and become a Catholic, saying “Paris is well worth a mass” Edict of Nantes In 1598, Henry declared that Huguenots could live in peace in France, and set up own churches in some cities Declaration of religious toleration known as the Edict of Nantes Henry concentrated on rebuilding France and its prosperity, or wealth He restored the French monarchy to a strong position French people welcomed this peace Some hated Henry for compromising his religion In 1610, someone leaped into his carriage and stabbed Henry to death Next Ruler of France Henry’s son Louis XIII became a king, but was weak In 1624 he appointed a strong minister who made up for all of Louis’s weaknesses, Cardinal Richelieu The cardinal became, in effect, the leader of France Cardinal Richelieu Was a hard working leader in the Catholic church in France Was ambitious and enjoyed exercising his authority Finally able to pursue ambitions in the political field as minister to Louis XIII The cardinal increased the power of the Bourbon monarchy by doing two things: 1) he moved against the Huguenots He believed that Protestantism was an excuse to conspire against the king He didn’t end the right to worship, but wouldn’t allow Protestant cities to have walls He didn’t want them able to defy the king, and then hide behind protective walls 2) Sought to weaken nobles power by Ordering them to take down their fortified castles Increasing power of government agencies in the middle class, ending the need for the king to use noble officials Richelieu wanted to make France the strongest state in Europe He believed his greatest obstacle was the Hapsburg rulers who lands surrounded France Hapsburg family members ruled Spain, Austria and the Netherlands as well as parts of Germany To limit Hapsburg power, Richelieu involved France in the Thirty Years War Hapsburg Empire = Hapsburg lands Writers Express Skepticism French thinkers had witnessed the religious wars in France with horror What they saw turned them towards skepticisman idea that nothing can ever be known for certain Michel de Montaigne pointed out that whenever a new belief arose, it replaced one that people had accepted as truth This was a cycle that would always be repeated, and he argued that humans could never have absolute knowledge of what is true Louis XIV The efforts of Henry IV and Richelieu paved the way for the most powerful ruler in French history- Louis XIV, who became king when he was just 5 years old In Louis’s view, he and the state were one and the same Louis XIV Called himself the Sun King – believed that just like the sun, all power radiated from him Was only 5ft 5in Wore high heeled shoes to make him look taller as a child he was neglectedalmost drowned in a pond because no one was watching him As a king he worked hard and paid great attention to the smallest details Cardinal Mazarin Louis became king in 1643 France’s true ruler was Cardinal Mazarin, Richelieu’s successor Mazarin’s greatest triumph was ending the Thirty Years’ War, and the peace treaty made France the most powerful country in Europe A Fearful Little King Many people, especially the nobles in France, hated Mazarin He increased taxes and strengthened central government 1648-1653, riots led by nobles tore France apart The young king Louis XIV felt threatened at times, and never forgot his fear or anger towards the nobility He was determined to become so strong, that the nobles could never threaten him again Louis Takes Control Cardinal Mazarin died in 1661, and Louis took control of the government himself at age 23 He weakened the power of the nobles by excluding them from his council Increased the power of government agents, called intendants, who collected taxes and administered justice Made sure that local officials communicated regularly with him Jean Baptiste Colbert Louis focused on helping France attain political, economic, and cultural brilliance His minister of finance, Jean Baptiste Colbert helped him achieve these goals Colbert believed in the theory of mercantilism and tried to make France self sufficient He wanted to be able to manufacture everything France needed instead of importing it Economic Growth To expand financing, Colbert gave tax benefits and government funds to French companies Used raw materials from French colonies, and encouraged people to migrate to French colonies, especially in Canada where the fur trade added to French commerce Economic Slow Down After Colbert’s death, Louis slowed down the economic progress of France by canceling the Edict of Nantes, which protected the religious freedoms of the Huguenots Thousands of Huguenot artists and business people fled the country, robbing France of skilled workers Louis’s Grand Style Louis spent a fortune to surround himself with luxury Each meal was a feast- an observer claimed the king devoured in one sitting: -4 plates of soup -a salad -a whole pheasant -a partridge in garlic sauce -2 slices of ham -a plate of pastries -fruit -hard boiled eggs Students will analyze the role of religion in France by writing. Did the king of France get along with Protestants and Catholics before Louis the 14th? How did Louis XIV or Louis the 14th control the Noblilty? Controlling the Nobility Every morning, the chief valet woke Louis at 7:30 Outside of the canopy bed curtains waited 100 privileged nobles of the court waiting to help the King get dressed Only 4 had the honor of handing Louis his slippers, or holding his sleeves for him Outside the bed chamber, lesser nobles waited for him in the halls, hoping the king would notice them by giving a nod or smile Louis would notice which nobles were not there to flatter him, and would turn against them Louis required hundreds of nobles to live at the Palace of Versailles increased Louis’s royal authority by taking them from their homes, and becoming dependent on Louis Palace of Versailles Built 11 miles southwest of Paris on top of a hill Huge royal courtyard with a statue of Louis XIV Palace itself stretched over 500 yards Palace was so long, that food from the kitchen was often cold by the time it reached the king Kitchen large enough to house 500 cooks Palace of Versailles in Numbers 2,000 rooms 2 wings- each 150 yards Main building -500 yards Cost- $2 billion dollars (1994 est.) 36,000 workers and 6,000 horses worked on the palace 15,000 acres of lawns and gardens 1,400 fountains Water Fountains It took so much water to run all the fountains at the same time that it was only done on special occasions Supplying water to the palace on a hill was a problem On other days when the king walked in the garden, servants would turn on the fountains just before he reached them, and as he walked away, they would shut them off A Garden Outside the Palace Some of the Fountains Entrance Louis- Patron of the Arts Versailles was like a small royal city Rich decorations and art clearly showed Louis’s wealth and power Elaborate ceremonies were often held there, and impressed other European monarchs Louis supported the arts more than any other king No longer was the purpose of art to glorify God, now it was to glorify the king The ceiling of the Versailles Chapel Louis also made ballet and opera popular He danced the title role in the ballet The Sun King Louis Fights Disastrous Wars 1660, under Louis, France the most powerful country in Europe Had 20 million people- 4 times as many as England, and 10 times as many as the Dutch Republic French army 100,000 in peacetime, and 400,000 during in wartime Far more advanced in size, training and weapons 1667, Louis invaded the Spanish Netherlands, gaining 12 towns Open the Floodgates….Again Encouraged by his success, Louis personally led an army into the Dutch Netherlands in 1672 The Dutch saved their country by opening the dikes and flooding the countryside- the same tactic they had used in their revolt against Spain a century earlier War ended in 1678 with the Treaty of Nijmegen and France gaining a region called FrancheComte Franche-Comte Joining Together Louis fought additional wars, but his luck ran out By the end of the 1680s, a European-wide alliance had formed to stop France By joining together, weaker countries could match France's strength This defensive strategy was meant to achieve a balance of power, where no single country, or group of countries could dominate others In 1689, Dutch prince William of Orange became king of England He joined the League of Augsburg, which was made up of the Hapsburg emperor, the kings of Sweden and Spain, and leaders of other smaller European states Joined together, these countries equaled France’s strength Problems in France Series of poor harvests Constant warfare (which brought great suffering to French people) High taxes Louis imposed to pay for wars People of France longed for peace, but what they got was another war- War of the Spanish Succession 1700 king of Spain, Charles II died, without an heir He had promised the throne to Louis XIV’s 17 year old grandson, Philip of Anjou The two greatest powers in Europe, enemies for so long, were now both ruled by Bourbons War of the Spanish Succession Other European countries felt threatened by this union 1701, the Dutch Republic, England, Austria, Portugal, and several German and Italian states joined together against France and Spain Long struggle that followed known as the War of the Spanish Succession Costly war dragged on for 12 year 1713, Treaty of Utrecht signed- allowed Louis grandson to remain king of Spain as long as the thrones of France and Spain did not unite Winners and Losers Big winner was Great Britain- took Gibraltar, a fortress that controlled the entrance to the Mediterranean from Spain Spain also gave a British company an asientopermission to send enslaved Africans to Spain’s American colonies, increasing Britain’s involvement in the slave trade France gave Britain the North American territories of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland Austrian Hapsburgs took the Spanish Netherlands and other Spanish lands in Italy Prussia and Savoy were recognized as kingdoms Louis’s Death and Legacy Outlived his son and 2 grandsons Last years were more sad than glorious He realized his wars ruined France and regretted the suffering he brought to his people Died in bed 1715 News prompted celebration throughout France His people had had enough of the Sun King Assignment: Politics and Religion in France Write 3 paragraphs (7 -11sentences) about the differences between the Protestant and Catholic religions and how it influenced the French Kings. Remember to have a topic and concluding sentence. (Must include 3 people and 2 religions.)