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New Governments:
In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with state
Liberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men.
Made government responsible to a mass electorate
Democratic Parliaments were created where they had never been before but
1. New nations lacked will and skill for democracy
2. Constitutions were flawed
3. Parliaments were corrupt
Economics:
Could not return to normalcy of pre-war era Economic power shifted to US
Reparations caused nations to make policies for own benefit
World market impacted because:
1. Russia was out
2. New countries were incapable of competing
3. New boundaries separated raw materials from factories
4. Nations created trade barriers
Supported the war and won recognition and right to collective bargaining
Got better wages
Leaders appointed to councils. Government could not ignore labor
demands
Middle Class feared socialists and workers – became a conservative force willing to accept
conservative governments (Fascists & Nazis)
Unions:
Russia
Government Revolt
Communist Revolt
White Russians - Cadets and
Red Russians Social Democrats
Social Revolutionaries
Epoch Historical Event
Could not get organized
Exportable
Allied help failed
Fear
Marxist Theories
Lenin’s Theories
1.
Capitalism Doomed
1.
2.
Bourgeoisie would be small,
Proletariat would be larger - Evolution
Imperialism is last stage of
doomed capitalism
2.
Proletariat will overthrow
bourgeoisie…Workers of the World
Unite!
Proletariat and Peasant
Revolution
3.
Proletariat and Peasants led by
revolutionary elite force
4.
Dictatorship of Proletariat
4.
Elite = Communist Party
5.
State will wither away
5.
All other parties will wither away
3.
War Communism
Civil War between White Russians and Red Russians enabled
Communists to dictate organization and retain an army
Actions: Seizes
Trotsky and Cheka
Results:
Banks
Repression
Transportations systems
Peasants
Heavy Industry
Baltic Fleet
Grain
Factory Workers
Broke the support of proletariat and peasants
who were tired of sacrifice
Dictatorship of Communists
NEP Lenin’s Reality
Tolerated some capitalism
1. Peasants paid taxes but could sell surplus grain in the open market because Peasants were
key to Lenin’s theory
2. Light industry and retail businesses flourished
RESULT: Consumer goods not available for farmers. Russia became a land of small,
discontented farmers and merchants.
Trotsky
Rapid Industrial growth
financed with farm products
Collectivized farming
Stalin
Slow Industrial growth
Revolution outside Russia
Socialism in one Country
Criticize Party
Seize control of Party with
Purges – No Criticism
Comiterm & 21 Terms (Bolsheviks)




Modest free enterprise and small
Landholding
Moscow was model of Socialism
Reject Revisionism
Accept Communist Party Name
Destroy democratic socialism that betrayed
working class by working within parliamentary
system
Socialists v. Communists
Italy
FASCISM - Right wing dictators - Nationalistic in response to the
spread of Communism
First authoritarian government to result from fear of Communism
Anti
For:
Democratic
Middle Class
Marxist
Small businesses
Parliamentary
Property owners
Semitic
Small farmers
Nationalism – State
Single Party
Terrorism
“outside the state, no man or spiritual value can exist.”
Background:
Mussolini
Band of Combat – War veterans upset with Treaty of Versailles, socialism and inflation
Broke with socialism to champion the state
Opportunist who changed ideas and principles to suit the occasion
Main goal was political survival
Conditions:
Italian parliamentary system was broken, deadlocked.
Some felt Italy had been cheated by Treaty Many strikes, workers seized factories, peasants
seized land . The government did nothing to stop this
Rise to Power:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Control:
Allied with middle class (feared loss of property) against socialists who
undermined national interests
Formed Black Shirts-terror squads to purge Socialists (internationalists). Crimes
ignored by Conservatives. Controlled local government in North
1921 election returned 34 Fascists to Chamber of Deputies
1922 Black Shirt March
a. Victor Emmanuel III refused to sign a decree to allow army to stop the march.
b. Italian Cabinet resigned in protest
Mussolini made Prime Minister and given dictatorial powers by King and
Parliament for one year.
Election law allowed party with largest popular vote to take 2/3 seats in Chamber.
No longer needed political parties to cooperate with each other to achieve a
majority rule. No more coalition governments
1924 Fascists control Chamber and dissolve all other parties - dictator state
Opposition members in Chamber resign when Black Shirts kill Matteotti but it
gave Mussolini more power. Fascists dominated politics at every level.
•Every government institution has a parallel party institution
•All opposing parties are outlawed
•Grand Council of Fascist party decides on candidates
•Used propaganda
•Lateran Accord 1929 with Catholic Church gives Mussolini
acceptability. Pope was temporal leader of Vatican and state paid Church indemnity
for territory it confiscated
France
Joyless victors who could not control economy or government
Post War government was conservative
• lenient Treaty of Versailles (are you serious?)
• Wanted a Rhineland state for protection against Germany and Communism
• 1920s saw 27 different cabinets
Czechoslovakia
Goals:
1.
Strictly enforce Treaty
2.
Make new alliances
Poland
Yugoslavia
Romania
Feeling isolated, Germany and Russia sign the Rapallo treaty for economic and
diplomatic purposes. Aroused French concerns about German commitment to
Versailles
Poincare (C) - declared Germany in default of payments and occupied Ruhr mining. Germans
order passive resistance (strike) and French sent own workers to run mines and railroads.
Occupation alienated English and hurt German and French economies
Leftists (Cartel des Gauches) recognized the Soviet Union and was lenient to
Germany
When value of franc fell, Poincare returned and prosperity continued until 1931
England swings as a Pendulum do
Government
Needed coalitions to rule…
Electorate expanded to include all men and by 1928 all women 21 years old = more labour
members who were no longer considered radical
Liberal Party split between Asquith and George, liberals did have enough to become a
majority so they joined with Conservative Party to hold a majority in Parliament
Conservatives replace Liberals with Law, then Baldwin who imposed protective tariffs
Labour get their first crack at governing with MacDonald - social reform with nationalization
or seizure of property
Conservatives and Baldwin return to improve economy - 11% unemployment
• back to gold standard that raised price of English goods to foreign countries
•Tried to lower prices by cutting wages that resulted in strikes
•With so much unemployment, labor did not have leverage, Baldwin offered housing and
Empire
poor law reforms
• Gandhi gained recognition…talk of Indian self-government… India won right protect own goods
•Failure to pass Irish Home Rule Bill caused Easter uprising in 1916 that was brutally stopped. Irish
in Parliament became radicals Sinn Fein who declared Irish independence and created the IRA
under Eamon de Valera. Negotiations yielded the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland that stayed
in the United Kingdom. Irish independence came in 1949.
Trials of the Successor States…only enjoyed freedom from 1919 - 1989
Embodiment of nation self-determination and serve as buffer between Communism
and the world. But it was very difficult to:
• create a new parliamentary government in countries that had been
ruled by kings and armies. Other countries had hundreds of years,
they had 20
•Create an economy when all were dependent on foreign loans,
except Czechoslovakia. All were agrarian based in an industrial
world
•All except Czechoslovakia faced pressure from minority groups
within their borders that were not drawn along national lines.
Poland
Too many pieces from Germany, Austria and Russia to form one
system of laws and a successful economy
Czechoslovakia
Had a strong industrial base with middle class
Led by Thomas Masaryk
Extreme German nationalists in Sudetenland would be the downfall
Hungary
Communist government under Kun but it was short lived
Communists were executed or jailed. Lenin ordered Comintern to reject
cooperation in the future
Parliamentary government rule but most resented the Treaty, economy was
depressed, followed anti-semetic policies
Austria
Viable economy
Tried to suppress Nazis
Yugoslavia
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
Fighting between Catholics, Orthodox and Muslims
Germany
Problems with the Weimar Constitution
 Social Democrats accepted humiliating terms
 Flaws with proportional representation, President would appoint
or remove a chancellor and ARTICLE 48 (presidential dictatorship)
 Lacked support (people accepted constitutionalism but hated
the Social Democrats for accepting terms)
 Ruhr invasion caused inflation that hurt the MIDDLE CLASS
AND LOWER MIDDLE CLASS
 Resented reparations = $132 billion
 Inflation did not hurt DEBTORS (lower classes)
Does any of this sound familiar to you ???
Hitler
Depressed with a fiery temper … not a good mix
life of hitler
Anti-Semitic (Lueger)
WWI gave him focus – National Socialist German Workers’ Party
Twenty-Five Points
1. Repudiate Treaty
2. Unify Austria & Germany
3. Exclude Jews
4. Agrarian reform
5. Prohibit land speculation confiscate war profits
6. States control giant cartels
7. Replace department stores with small retail shops
Socialis m was not state ownership of production but subordination of all
to the state
Socialism
was not state ownership of production but subordination of all to the state
Formed the SA under Roehm (brown shirts) that weakened Weimar Republic
Oratorical skills, and organizational abilities helped
Beer Hall Putsch
Mein Kampf
1. opposed Bolsheviks & JEWS
2. living space for Germans
3. recovery of military
4. targeted Jews, eastern Europe, Soviet Union, any opposition
He was the leader who could transform German, and he would do it legally.
Stressman Years:
 abandoned passive resistance in the Ruhr
 introduced new currency
 crushed Hitler and communists
 Dawes Plan lowered payments
 Hindenburg becomes chancellor – conservatives
 Locarno – conciliation - HOPE
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7.
accepted western frontier
signed treaties of arbitration with Poland & Czechoslovakia
Little Entente
Germany in League
Remove troops from Rhineland 5 years earlier
Kellogg Briand Pact renounced war as an instrument of national policy
Young Plan – lowered reparations
Was this really a sign of Hope?