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1800-1914
New
Imperialism
Chs.
25 & 26
What is it?
• Imperialism - Latin for Empire,
the domination by one country
over the political, economic,
and cultural life of another.
• New Imperialism
– Aggressive European
expansion, w/ speed &
nationalistic mania, 1870-1914.
•100x’s larger than Britain, the
largest the world had known.
•Ruled over 400 million people.
•Every continent except Antarctica.
•¼ of all the land & people lived
under British rule.
“The sun
never sets
on the British Empire”
Africa
Asia
Why? The 4 C’s of Imperialism
1. Commerce-Industrial Rev. created needs and
desires; natural resources/raw materials for
factories and new markets to sell factory goods
were needed = Economic Motives
2. Competition-colonies became essential to increase
a nation’s status/prestige (nationalism), a rush to
plant the flag = Political Motives
3. Christianity-most westerners took a paternalistic
view of Africans and Asians. Europeans saw them
as children in need of guidance and viewed it as
their duty to spread the “blessing” of western
civilization like religion, medicine, and law.
4. Civilization-many Europeans believed in Social
Darwinism. They applied the idea of survival of the
fittest to human societies believing in their own
white European racial superiority.
Reasons for Success
of New Imperialism
• Weakness of nonwestern states
– Africa: slave trade and slave wars
– Empires in decline: Ottoman Middle
East, Mughal India, Qing China
• Western Advantages; the “Tools of Empire”
– Strong centrally Governed Nation-states
– Strong Industrial Economies
– Powerful militaries = armies & navies
– Technology: machine guns, steam-driven warships
– Medical Knowledge: Quinine conquered deadly tropical
diseases.
• Resistance
– Some fought the invaders and some tried to strengthen
their societies against outsiders with reform?
1.
3 Forms of New Imperialism
Colonies
– direct rule, France sent soldiers and officials to be
in charge with a goal to impose French culture.
- indirect rule, Britain used local rulers and
“westernized” their children by educating them in
Britain to continue spreading British rule and
civilization.
2. Protectorate - allows the nation to have its own
government run by local rulers, but its policies are
regulated by a foreign power
-costs less and needs a smaller military force
3. Sphere of influence – an area in which an outside
power claimed exclusive investment or trading
privileges; examples are China and Latin America.
• Describe what today’s historians call
the “new imperialism.”
• What were the causes of the “new
imperialism”?
• Why was western imperialism so
successful?
• How did people resist western
imperialism?
• What did critics of Imperialism argue?
• How did governments rule their
empires (forms)?
By the end of the 1800s,
imperialist powers of
Europe claimed control
over most of Africa.
• Well into the
1800s
explorers
and
missionaries
were the
only
Europeans
in Africa
• 1875 only
10% of Africa
was ruled by
Europeans &
by 1900 90%
was. Only
Liberia &
Ethiopia were
independent.
• glorified stories of adventure, mystery
and excitement in distant places led
to mass appeal for Africa and Asia
• The most famous European explorer
of Africa was Dr. David Livingston.
• Starting in 1840 he explored Africa for
40 years.
• believed that European rule in Africa
was the best way to end slavery. It
was outlawed in 1880.
Henry • Found
Stanley Livingstone
in Zanzibar
in 1871.
• “Dr.
Livingstone,
I presume?”
1914
1880
• King Leopold II
of Belgium
claimed the
Congo River
Basin
• It was his
personal
plantation for
30 yrs.
1884-1885 Berlin Conference
• Europeans decided that any country could
claim land in Africa by setting up a
government office there and sending troops
to occupy strategic points or locations that
assured their control.
1914
1880
•
•
•
•
South Africa
The continents wealthiest
country
best farmland in Africa
the world’s leading producer
of gold and diamonds
The British took control of the
Cape of Good Hope in 1806
• "Being an
Englishman
is the
greatest
prize in the
lottery of
life." – Cecil
Rhodes
• native African people
were living there, as
well as, Dutch settlers
called Boers.
• Pushed into Africa by
the British they were
forced to fight the
Zulu’s for a place to
live
• When gold and
diamonds were
discovered on their
land the British
moved in
• 1899-1902 the
Boers fought the
British
• Black S. Africans made
up 75% of the population
but had few rights and
freedoms.
• In 1931 South Africa
became independent
• Nationalism led to
independence in Africa
following WWII
• Most of Africa became
independent in the
1960s
• Southern nations such
as Angola,
Mozambique, Southern
Rhodesia and South
Africa became
independent much
later
Imperialism in India
• Valued above all other colonies
in the British Empire, and
envied by other countries.
• A market of 300 million people
• Prime Minister Benjamin
Disraeli called it “The brightest
jewel in her majesty’s crown.”
A Little History
• 1498 Vasco da Gama of Portugal sailed
around Africa to India.
• At that time spices from India were
being sold in Europe for 27x’s their
worth.
• The Muslim Mughal Dynasty controlled
India and kept Europeans in check.
• By 1700, maharajahs were starting
smaller kingdoms
25.4 The British Take Over India.
Despite Indian opposition, Britain gradually extended its control over most of India.
Use the textbook to fill in notes on the following flowchart to show the events that
led to increased British control of India. Text pages 631-634.
Early 1600s
Early 1800s
The British East India Co.
won trading rights on the
fringe of the Mughal
Empire.
British officials introduced
western education , legal
procedures, & pressed
for social change.
Missionaries tried to
convert Indians to
Christianity.
1857
1858 (2)
The Sepoy Rebellion
swept across northern and
central India.
Parliament ended the
rule of the E. In. Co. &
put India directly under
the British crown and set
up a system of colonial
rule . A viceroy rules.
1906
Early 1900s
1919: The Amritsar
Protest and resistance to
British rule increased and
more Indians demand
complete independence.
Massacre was a
turning point for many
Indians. 379 unarmed
Indian protesters were
killed and 1,100
wounded when fired
upon. It convinced
them of the evils of
British rule.
Muslims formed the
Muslim League talking of
a separate Muslim state.
mid-1800s
The Br. East India Co.
controlled 3/5th of India.
1869
British trade with India
soars after the Suez
Canal opens.
1850s
Br. E. In. Co. required
sepoys to serve
anywhere even
overseas. Passed a law
allowing Hindu women to
remarry.
1885
Nationalist leaders form
the Indian National
Congress calling for
greater democracy and
eventual self-rule.
1947
The goal of Indian
independence is
achieved after a long
struggle against the
British and a bloody
conflict between Hindus
and Muslims.
• The British East
India Company
built trading
post & forts all
over India.
• By 1757, they
were the
leading power
in India and the
British Gov’t
didn’t interfere.
Sepoy Rebellion
(May-Dec. 1857)
• The company had
its own army staffed
by Sepoys (Indian
soldiers).
• A rumor started that
the British-made
rifle cartridges
being used by the
sepoys were sealed
with beef & pork fat.
• A whole regiment
was jailed by the
British after
refusing to use the
cartridges.
• Sepoy in North India
rebelled.
• British troops were
sent in to help the
company stop the
one yr. revolt.
Results
• 1858, the British gov’t took direct
command of India. - The Raj.
• A Viceroy or governor-general now
ruled India
• Parliament passed the Act for
Better Government of India (built
schools, hospitals, bridges, dams,
canals, railroads, and European
style buildings).
Indians were discriminated
against, forced to change their
ancient ways, & became second
class citizens in India.
Indian Nationalism
• In 1885, the Indian National
Congress was formed to lead the
struggle for Independence.
• In WW I 1 million Indian soldiers
fought along side Britain. Indian
wheat feed soldiers
• Britain promised to support “the
gradual development of selfgoverning institutions” in return
Suppression of Opposition
1.Indians could be arrested
without cause and jailed
without a trial
2.Gatherings of more than
5 people were outlawed
The Amritsar Massacre
• April 13,1919: 10,000 unarmed Indians met
in Amritsar for a Hindu festival
• 90 British troops under the command of
General Reginald Dyer blocked the entrance
to the walled in festival and ordered his
men to “shoot to kill.”
• He wanted to teach the nationalist a lesson
and make a wide impression. “I have no
regrets.”
• 400 Indians were killed and 1,000 were
wounded in the 10 minutes of firing, the
troops left without helping the wounded.
Result of the Massacre
• Overnight millions of loyal British
subjects in India change into
revolutionaries.
• Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948)
brought together the Indian
National Congress and the
uneducated common people who
had previously been uninterested
in politics in the struggle for an
independent India.
“A man is but the product of his
thoughts what he thinks, he
becomes.”
• "It is not
nonviolence if
we merely
love those that
love us. It is
nonviolence
only when we
love those that
hate us."
• "An eye for
an eye
makes the
whole world
go
blind."
-M.K. Gandhi
(1869-1948)
“Be the change that you want to
see in the world.”
“My life is my message.”
“In a gentle way, you can
shake the world.”
Imperialism in
China
Background
• 1644 the last Ming Emperor hung
himself from a Locust tree.
• Ching (Qing) Dynasty ruled (16441911).
• It was a dynasty ruled by outsiders
from Manchuria. Manchu rulers forced
all Chinese men to shave their heads &
braid their hair into a long pony tail.
• A land of 300 million people in 1800.
• In the 19th century, Great Britain was
facing a huge trade deficit with China.
There was a growing demand in Britain
for Chinese products like tea, silk, and
porcelain. China, on the other hand, felt
itself to be self-sufficient and didn't
really desire a great deal of what they
considered inferior foreign products.
As a result, purchases made from
China were costing Britain millions in
silver currency.
• The Chinese did not want
to trade with Europeans.
• The British East India
Company began to trade
opium from India for
Chinese goods at Canton.
•China’s gov’t was
outraged when
Opium use spread.
•Destroyed $6 million
worth of opium in
Canton.
Two Opium Wars (18391842, 1856-1860) between
the British and Chinese.
Results
• The Treaty of Nanking.
• China was opened to foreign trade and
diplomats.
• Britain was given Hong Kong.
• China was forced to make other
unequal treaties with foreign powers.
• Japan, Russia, Germany, France, & the
U.S. all gained Spheres of Influence
(economic privileges) in China.
China was weakened
• Widespread hunger/famine.
• 1852 the Yellow River flooded and
a million starved.
• 1853 Taiping Rebellion – 20 million
people died in 10 years.
Boxer Rebellion
• 1899.
• A secret
society that
wanted to
expel the
Manchu and all
other “foreign
devils”.
An army of troops from eight
nations put down the rebellion
Think about it
• Despite its losses in the
1800’s, China remained an
independent country.
Why was China not
carved into colonies as
Africa was?
Ch. 26 New
Global
Patterns
1800-1914
Imperialism in Japan
• For 250 yrs.,
Tokugawa
shoguns est.
peace
• allowed no
contact with the
industrialized
countries of the
world
• Only Dutch
traders could
trade at Nagasaki
• In 1853, four U.S.
ships under
Commodore
Matthew C. Perry
steamed into
Tokyo harbor.
• He came to ask
the Japanese to
open up their
country to
foreign trade
Perry’s ships with cannons &
rifles astounded the Japanese
• They gave in and signed a
Treaty with the U.S.
Last Shogun Tokugawa
Yoshinobu was overthrown
Japan built a
modern nation
to rival Europe
Feudalism was ended
• Emperor Meiji took over
• A constitution was
adopted
• The Diet was formed
• “Open the country to
drive out the barbarians”
• Studied foreign ways
and chose the best
Western civilization had
to offer
• Industry was modernized
by Zaibatsu
• Military was modernized
& Japan became
imperialistic
Japan
1898
1914
1854
1898
1898
American Imperialism
After queen Liliuokalani tried In July 1853, a fleet of well-armed
American ships commanded by
to reduce foreign influence,
Matthew C. Perry sailed into Tokyo
American sugar growers bay with a letter from the President
overthrew her and asked demanding Japan open ports to
Japan
the U.S. to annex Hawaii. diplomatic &
1898
1898
1914
Built by the U.S. after
backing a revolt by
Panamanians against
Colombia, returned to
Panama in 2000.
1854
commercial exchange.
1898
The Spanish-American
War ended in a crushing
defeat for Spain. In the peace
treaty ending the war, the
U.S. acquired Puerto Rico,
the Philippines, and Guam.
Rudyard
Kipling
• 1865-1936
• British poet born
to a wealthy
English family in
Bombay, India
• Wrote a famous
poem about
imperialism
called “The White
Man’s Burden” in
response to U.S.
imperialism in the
Philippines
26.5 Impact of Imperialism
During the Age of Imperialism, a truly global economy emerged bringing with it both
benefits and challenges to every region of the world. Complete the chart below to describe
the impact imperialism had on the world.
1. Economic
A global economy emerged, dominated the west.
Profits went to the industrialized nations of the
west.
People of Africa, Asia, and Latin America
contributed labor and resources.
Economic dependency of once self-sufficient colonies.
Local handcraft industries were destroyed
Famines occurred in colonies that one fed
themselves
Impact of Imperialism
3.Political
By the early 1900, western-educated elites were
organizing nationalist movements to end colonial rule
in Africa and Asia.
Competition for imperial power was increasing tensions
among western powers.
In 1914 and 1939, imperialist ambitions contributed to
the start of two world wars.
2. Cultural
Western culture spread around the
world.
Westernization became the
“modern” ways subject
peoples were forced to
accept.
Some non-westerners
resented the pressure to
modernize and resisted while
others accepted the belief in
western superiority.
Western cultures changed too.
The Columbian Exchange
picked up speed.
Knowledge previously
unknown to the
west was uncovered.
Christianity spread.
Missionaries built schools
and hospitals and brought
modern western medicine to
colonies.
“The Age of European Domination”
• A Western-Dominated
World
• Period of time lasting over
400 yrs. From the 1500s to
the 1900s when Europe
dominated much of the
world.
• Herbert Spencer: The wealthy in
society were superior and fitter
than the poor, just as he believed
some European nations were
stronger than non-European.
(Social Darwinism)
• Friedrich Nietzsche:
Ubermenschen (superman) would
rise above the common herd