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Chapter 22
Review and Discussion
Why was Central Asia important to the land-based
Eurasian empires?
Land based empires
were vulnerable to attack from central Asia and therefore tried
to absorb Central Asian territory and make it self-supporting
and profitable by developing agriculture and mining
Also it was expensive to maintain garrisons of troops there
because everything had to be brought in.
This was accomplished through the use of forced labor and the
cooperation of government.
 Land Empires V. Sea Based Empires
Land empires were at a disadvantage in competition with the
sea-based commercial empires of Europe more despite the
fact that they developed the largest economic and
administrative systems in the world.
Much more expensive to defend and had fewer choices with
regard to direction for possible expansion
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How did the Russians combine different cultural elements
in their empire? Use the Cossacks as an example.
The Cossacks were a diverse group
They were a combination of Turks, Poles, Hungarians, and
Mongols.
 Military
They were enrolled in special military regiments and allowed to
live in autonomous villages in return.
Combined “Turkic” horsemanship and military skills with Russian
language and Christian beliefs
The Cossacks were an example of how Russia combined
“Turkish” and “Russian” elements.
 Defense and Expansion
The Cossacks performed valuable service for Russia by
defending against the Swedish and Ottoman invasions as well as
leading campaigns for exploration, conquest, and settlement.
Led the expansion into the East into Siberia to dominate the fur
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Russian Expansion
Peter the Great r.1689-1725
 “Great Northern War” broke Swedish control over
the Baltic and established direct contact between
Russia and Europe
 Built a new capital at St. Petersburg and
attempted to Westernize Russia
 To strengthen the Russian state and its autocracy
(not interested in political liberalization)
 Brought Russian Orthodox Church under his
control and increased the burden of taxes and
labor on the serfs
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Discuss the impact of the Jesuits in Europe, China, and
Japan from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century.
The mission of the Jesuits was to
produce converts to Catholicism.
They were successful to a degree, particularly among the elite
of the Ming.
Tolerated Confucian ancestor worship to gain converts
 Cultural Diffusion
Also brought European ideas and technology to Asia—for
instance, mapmaking and metallurgy (for cannon).
Transferred to Europe the ideas of inoculation against smallpox
 Japan
Came in late 1500s and had limited success in converting
regional lords, but had greater success in converting farmers of
Southern and Eastern Japan
Rural rebellion in the 1630s was blamed on Christians which
led to persecutions, ban on Christianity, and closing on Japan in
1649
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What did the Qing government do to stimulate the
economy?
Qing emperors
repaired roads and waterworks, lowered taxes, rents, and
interest rates, and resettled people into areas depopulated by
earlier peasant revolts.
 Foreign threats and trade
The Qing eliminated potential external military threats, making
further recovery possible.
This new territorial control encouraged the reopening of
overland trade routes, which created an influx of resources and
knowledge, reinforcing Qing recovery.
The long-term effectiveness of this recovery was due to the
Qing’s ability to incorporate and adapt the ideas and
technologies of far-flung areas.
 Cultural diffusion
Examples of Qing adaptation include the Mongol system of
political organization; the Tibetan practice of religious
legitimation for rulers; Korean and Chinese agricultural policies;
and European mapping and technology.
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Describe the trade relationship between Europe and China in the late sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries.
Trade
Trade increased significantly by the end of the sixteenth century, particularly
in Chinese goods such as tea, silk, and porcelain.
The Europeans provided transport in their growing shipping fleets.
 Trade restrictions
The desire to protect the agricultural sector, as well as concern about
smuggling and piracy, led the Qing to restrict and regulate foreign
involvement in trade.
This regulation extended from limiting camel caravans to restricting
Europeans to Canton.
 European frustrations
Europeans, eyeing huge potential Chinese markets, were unable to appeal
to Chinese consumers with any known product, and the consequent trade
imbalances angered them.
The corrupt and inefficient British East India Company only made matters
worse.
George Macartney’s (1793-1794) mission to China is an example of British
attempts to open a more advantageous trade with China.
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Was a big failure, as were similar diplomatic embassies sent by the Dutch,
French, Russians
Tokugawa Japan practiced a form of government referred to as
“controlled decentralization.” What was the ultimate result of this
form of government for the Tokugawa Shogunate?
Government
Japanese emperors had no political power and that they remained in virtual exile
The shoguns wielded most of the power and lived at Edo, the new capital.
The Tokugawa system of regional lords, who resided part of the time at Edo,
required well-maintained roads, which in turn helped develop new trade and
manufacturing centers.
 economy
Because both the lords and their followers were paid in rice, an economy using
rice as a medium of exchange blossomed.
Merchants and financiers converted rice into currency, lent money to samurai,
and wielded increasing power as a result.
Tokugawa shoguns tried to limit the power of the merchant class, but the
decentralized system of rule by regional lords thwarted such efforts.
However, the decentralized system did stimulate economic growth through
agricultural mechanization, light industry, finance, and transport.
 “Forty-seven Ronin” incident 1702
Showed basic flaw in the Shogunal government
Forced the military, to obey the civil law in the interests of building a centralized,
standardized system of law (transformed from a military to a civil society)
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