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The Republican Victory
Section 1 – 298-301
• Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated as the third President
of the United States in 1801.
– The Republicans had also won control of both houses
of Congress.
• The Federalists were no longer in control, but…
– With the changing of the parties, Americans
saw that the country could change its political
leadership peacefully.
• Jefferson would have Congressional support for
many of his plans.
Jefferson in Office
• First, Jefferson created his cabinet:
– James Madison = Secretary of State
– Albert Gallatin = Secretary of the Treasury
• Jefferson and Gallatin reduced the size of the army and
the navy.
– They hoped that the money saved could be put
towards paying down the national debt.
• Gallatin was ordered by Jefferson to end domestic taxes
like the Whiskey Tax.
– Also, close the agencies that collected the domestic
taxes that were being ended.
Marbury v. Madison
• Just before Jefferson took office, John Adams and the
Federalist controlled Congress appointed many
Federalists to become federal judges.
– When Jefferson entered office, some Federalists had
not yet received their official paperwork stating that
they were judges.
• Jefferson ordered Madison to not give out the
paperwork.
• William Marbury (Federalist) did not receive his
papers, and he asked the Supreme Court to
intervene.
• Marbury wanted the Supreme Court to order the
Executive Branch to hand over the papers.
Marbury v. Madison
• The Supreme Court heard the case and decided:
– That Marbury had been treated unfairly.
– However; the S.C. Justices felt that Congress and the
Constitution had not given the S.C. the power to order the
Executive Branch to hand over the papers.
• The Judiciary Act of 1789 said that the S.C. did have the
power.
– The S.C. felt that the Judiciary Act was
unconstitutional.
Marbury v. Madison
• The S.C.’s decision in this case established the power of
Judicial Review = The S.C. is allowed to declare an act of
Congress unconstitutional and the law is no longer in
force.
– Judicial Review greatly increased the S.C.’s legal
authority and made it a stronger branch of the federal
government.
French Louisiana
Section 2 – 302-307
• In 1800, France was led by French General Napoleon
Bonaparte.
– He wanted to rebuild France’s empire in North
America, but first he had to gain control of the island
of Hispaniola (Present-day Haiti and the Dominican
Republic).
• Hispaniola would be a supply base for the French
military.
French Louisiana
• Enslaved Africans led an uprising and took over
Hispaniola from the French in 1790.
– They were led by escaped slave, Toussaint-Louverture
• In 1802, Napoleon’s troops were defeated on Hispaniola
by Louverture’s army.
• Jefferson worried that if the French did eventually gain
control of Hispaniola, they may also be able to block U.S.
westward expansion.
The Louisiana Purchase
• Jefferson knew that New Orleans was the “hub” for U.S.
expansion because it controlled all major shipping on the
Mississippi River.
– He asked the U.S. ambassador to France to contact
the French government about purchasing New
Orleans and West Florida.
• Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana.
– France was about to go to war with Great
Britain and Napoleon needed money for his
European armies.
The Louisiana Purchase
• The French offered a price of $15 million for the Louisiana
Territory and Jefferson accepted.
– Jefferson felt that the Constitution did not give him the
right to make the purchase, but he felt he was acting in the
best interest of the U.S.
– The region stretched west from the Mississippi River to the
Rocky Mountains.
• 830,000 square miles and covers 14 current U.S. states.
Mission of Discovery
• Jefferson wanted information about the land the U.S. had just
purchased. He specifically wanted to know about:
– The native peoples, soil, animals, plants, and minerals.
– He also wanted to know if there was an all-water river
route to the Pacific Ocean.
– Jefferson chose former army captain Meriwether Lewis to
lead an expedition in the LA Territory.
• Lewis chose army lieutenant William Clark to be coleader.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
• In May 1804, Lewis, Clark, and a small group of carefully
selected and skilled frontiersman set out from St. Louis,
Missouri.
– This group of explorers is known as The Corps of
Discovery.
– They travelled north up the Missouri River on a
custom-built boat called a keelboat.
• Early in the trip, the group met many American Indian
tribes, among which was a Shoshone woman and her
French husband.
– Sacagawea and her husband, helped guide The Corps
of Discovery.
– She also acted as an interpreter and peacemaker.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
• The expedition travelled up the Missouri River, hiked up
and over the Rocky Mountains and floated down the
Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean.
– They arrived at the Pacific Ocean in November 1805,
and built a small camp which they named Fort
Clatsop after the neighboring Clatsop Indians.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
• In March 1806, the Corps of Discovery headed home.
– They arrived in St. Louis in September 1806.
• The Corps of Discovery travelled just over 8,000 miles in
2 ½ years.
– Only one member of the group died, and he died of a
heart attack.
– Clark was a cartographer(map maker) who mapped
the trip and measured the distance travelled.
• Today’s satellite navigation shows that Clark’s
measurement on the distance travelled was off by
only 40 miles.
Pike’s Exploration
• In 1806, young army officer Zebulon Pike was sent on a
mission to:
– Find the headwaters of the Red River.
• The Red River runs through Louisiana and part of
Texas and was considered part of the Louisiana
Territory.
– Spy on Spanish outposts in the Southwest.
Pike’s Exploration
• Pike led his expedition to the Rocky Mountains in present-day
Colorado.
– While there he tried unsuccessfully to climb the mountain
that today is known as Pikes Peak, 14,000+ feet high.
• Then he headed south into present-day New Mexico where the
Spanish arrested him and accused him of being a spy. He
denied the accusation.
– Eventually he was released and returned to the U.S. to
report his findings.
Danger on the High Seas
Section 3 – 308-313
• In 1803, Great Britain and France went to war.
– Both countries wanted to stop U.S. ships from delivering
to their enemy much needed supplies.
• Both countries passed laws which allowed their
navies and privateers to capture ships that were
supplying the enemy.
– Unfortunately, the majority of those ships
belonged to U.S. businesses.
– Many U.S. ships and tons of cargo was captured.
» If the British captured a U.S. ship, they
sometimes forced the sailors to serve on their
warships. This is known as Impressment.
Danger on the High Seas
• In 1807, impressment made national news and created
widespread resentment towards Britain.
– The HMS Leopard stopped the USS Chesapeake and
tried to remove 4 sailors.
• The captain of the Chesapeake refused to hand
them over, so the Leopard opened fire and took the
sailors by force.
A Trade War
• Many Americans favored going to war with Britain while
others favored an embargo = the banning of trade with
Britain.
– Jefferson and the Republicans favored an embargo and in
1807 passed the Embargo Act = the law that banned trade
with foreign countries.
• The New England states were hit hard by the Embargo
Act because most of their profits came from trade with
foreign countries.
• U.S. businesses eventually ignored the law and
smuggled goods to foreign countries.
• Great Britain and France were not affected by the law,
and Jefferson’s popularity fell.
The Rise of Tecumseh
• In the early 1800s, thousands of American settlers were
entering the Northwest Territory.
– Because of the Treaty of Greenville, many American
Indian tribes were forced to give up their lands.
– Great Britain wanted to slow U.S. westward expansion, but
didn’t want to go to war with the U.S.
• The British government gave military aid to Indian
tribes living in the NW Territory.
• Tecumseh was a powerful Indian leader who wanted to
organize NW Territory tribes against the U.S. settlers.
War on the Frontier
• William Henry Harrison – Governor of the Indiana Territory
felt that Tecumseh was a threat to U.S. power.
– He met with Tecumseh and reminded him of his obligation
to follow the treaties.
• Tecumseh said that the treaties were not valid because
no single chief could sell land belonging to all Indians
and the Indians were on the land first.
– Harrison warned Tecumseh not to “mess with the
U.S.”
War on the Frontier
• Tecumseh left his tribe to travel south to make an alliance
with southern tribes.
– While he was gone, Harrison raised an army and marched
to Tecumseh’s tribal settlement.
• In November of 1811, Harrison’s army and Tecumseh’s
tribe fought an all-day battle at the Battle of
Tippecanoe.
– The American Indians were defeated and their
village was destroyed.
The War Debate
• The frontier fighting had angered many Americans who
felt that Britain was encouraging the Indians to attack
settlers.
– This was seen as an insult to U.S. authority and the
War Hawks wanted to go to war with Britain.
• War Hawks = members of Congress who favored
war with Britain.
– Typically members of Congress that
represented Southern and Western states were
War Hawks, whereas New England
representatives wanted peace so that they could
resume trade.
A Declaration of War
• In 1808, Republican James Madison was elected
President.
– He faced rising pressure from the effects of the
Embargo Act and from the War Hawks.
– He also felt that because Britain was violating U.S.
neutrality by seizing U.S. ships and through
impressment, Britain was at war with the U.S.
– Madison asked Congress to decide how the U.S.
should react.
• Congress voted for war with Great Britain.
– Madison would become commander and chief
during the War of 1812.
The War at Sea
Section 4 – 314-319
• In August of 1812, the USS Constitution faced off against
the HMS Guerriere off the coast of Nova Scotia.
– The Constitution won the battle in part because the
hull of the ship was sheathed in copper.
• Since British cannonballs had bounced harmlessly
off her hull, she was nicknamed “Old Ironsides.”
The War at Sea
• When the war of 1812 began, the British navy had
hundreds of ships stationed around the world whereas
the U.S. had less than 20 ships total.
– To even the odds, the U.S. government hired privateer
ships which were very successful in capturing and/or
sinking hundreds of British ships.
• The British responded by sending a large naval
force which patrolled the East coast from Maine to
Georgia.
– The British naval blockade greatly reduced the
U.S.’s ability to trade.
The Canadian Border
• Early navy victories went to the U.S., so the government
wanted to capitalize on those successes by invading
Canada.
– In July 1812, the British joined with American Indians
led by Tecumseh, to defeat an American army and
capture Fort Detroit.
– By the end of 1812, the British controlled all of the
Great Lakes region.
The Canadian Border
• In April of 1813, the U.S. struck back.
– The U.S. needed to break Britain’s control of Lake Erie.
• Captain Oliver Hazard Perry was tasked with
accomplishing that mission.
– He built a small fleet and fought the British at the
Battle of Lake Erie in September 1813.
» Both sides took heavy casualties, and the
Americans won the battle.
The Frontier War
• The U.S. Army took advantage of Perry’s victory by pursuing
the British and their Indian allies into Canada.
– In October 1813, General Harrison’s army fought the
British and Tecumseh’s Indian forces in southern Canada
at the Battle of the Thames.
• The Americans won the battle, and Tecumseh was
killed.
– The British-Indian alliance was weakened by
Tecumseh’s death and the U.S. border with Canada
was secured.
The British on the Offensive
• The British defeated France in 1814, and so turned their
full attention to the U.S.
– They sent more troops to America and strengthened
their naval blockade of the East coast.
– Next the British attacked and burned Washington
D.C.
• The White House and other government buildings
were burned.
• Next, the British sailed to Baltimore, Maryland which
was guarded by Fort McHenry.
– The British Navy shelled Fort McHenry for 25 hours
and on the morning after, Francis Scott Key saw that
“the flag was still there.”
The Battle of New Orleans
• After the British attacked Washington, they launched
another attack, this time on New Orleans.
– There goal was to capture the city which would allow
them to control the shipping traffic on the Mississippi
River.
– Andrew Jackson commanded a mixed force of 4,500
soldiers from the U.S. Army, state militia, and a group
of pirates led by Jean Laffite.
The Battle of New Orleans
• Jackson’s troops constructed an earth and log wall that
was flanked by the Mississippi River on one side and a
swamp on the other.
• In January, 1815 the British marched 5,300 men towards
Jackson’s defensive line.
– They advanced under cover of a thick morning fog but
about halfway across the battlefield, the fog lifted and
they became easy targets for the Jackson’s army.
The Battle of New Orleans
• Only a very small detachment of British infantry reached
the American line, and they were quickly beaten back.
• The British suffered 2,000 casualties.
• The Americans suffered 70 casualties.
• The Battle of New Orleans took place 15 days after the
War of 1812 officially ended.
Ending the War
• In December 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was signed,
ending the War of 1812.
– The treaty did not address impressment or trade
embargoes so they both continued to exist.
• For the U.S., winning the War of 1812 showed the world
that the new nation could stand up to Great Britain.
Chapter 10
• All information for this PowerPoint was
taken from:
– Holt “Call to Freedom” - 2005