Download THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION -1763-1778

THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION -1763-1778
Chapter 7
THE DEEP ROOTS OF REVOLUTION
 Two ideas in particular had taken root in
the minds of the American colonists by
the mid 18th century:
 Republicanism- a just society in which all
citizens willingly subordinated their
private, selfish interests to the common
good. Both the stability of society and the
authority of government thus depended
on the virtue of the citizenry-its capacity
for selflessness, self-sufficiency, and
courage.
 “Radical Whigs”, a group of British
political commentators, made attacks on
the use of patronage and bribes by the
Sam Adams was a radical Whig
king’s ministers. They warned citizens to
be on guard for possible corruption
THE MERCANTILE THEORY
 Policy of all major European nations from 16th to l8th
centuries.
 Mercantilism – Belief that wealth was power and
that a country’s economic wealth (both military and
political power) could be measured by the amount of
gold or silver in its treasury.
Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances
To get gold, must export more than import
Colonies provide export markets
Colonies provide source for raw material
Colonies can’t trade with others
Colonies can’t produce their own finished goods
Encourage colonies to produce what mother country
must import
 Woolens Act of 1699, the Hat Act of 1732, and the Iron
Act of 1750 were attempts to prevent manufacturing in
the British colonies that might threaten the industrial
economy of England.
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Mercantilism Trammels On Trade
 Georgia was the only colony to be formed by
Britain.
 The Navigation Law of 1650 stated that all
goods flowing to and from the colonies could
only be transported in British vessels. It was
aimed to hurt rival Dutch shippers.
 The Navigation Act 1 stipulated that goods
imported or exported by English colonies in
Africa, Asia, or America be shipped on
vessels constructed by English shipbuilders
and sailed by crews that were 75 percent
English.
Merits of Mercantilism
 Salutary Neglect.
 Robert Walpole. First Prime
Minister
• "If no restrictions were placed
on the colonies, they would
flourish."
 Smuggling.
 Americans did reap many direct
benefits from Mercantilism.
 What were they?
Benefits of Mercantilism
 Price supports and subsidies helped
them compete against the Europeans.
 Tobacco monopoly.
 Ship building
 They had rights of Englishmen and
opportunities for self-government.
 Protection of the strong British army
and Navy
 Prosperity trickled down
The Menace Of Mercantilism
 Downside to Mercantilism
 It hurt economic initiative
 Southern planters were treated more favorably.
 Cash Crop farmers forced into debt
 Mercantilism was humiliating to Americans
The Stamp Tax Uproar
 Due to the French and Indian
War, Britain had a very large
debt.
 In 1763, Prime Minister
George Grenville ordered the
British navy to begin strictly
enforcing the Navigation
Laws.
 He also secured from
Parliament the Sugar Act of
1764, the first law ever passed
by Parliament to raise tax
revenue in the colonies for
England.
 Also taxed Madeira wine
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The Stamp Tax Uproar
 The Quartering Act of 1765
required certain colonies to
provide food and quarters for
British troops.
 In 1765, George Grenville imposed
a stamp tax on the colonies to raise
revenues to support the new
military force. This stamp tax,
known as the Stamp Act,
mandated the use of stamped
paper or the affixing of stamps,
certifying payment of tax.
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Parliament Forced To Repeal The Stamp Act
Tarring and Feathering a
Tax Stamp Agent
 The Stamp Act Congress of
1765 brought together in
New York City 27
distinguished delegates from
9 colonies.
 Nonimportation agreements
(agreements made to not
import British goods) were a
stride toward unionism.
 The Sons of Liberty and
Daughters of Liberty took
the law into their own hands
by enforcing the
nonimportation agreements.
Declaratory Act
 The Stamp Act was repealed by
Parliament in 1766.
 Parliament passed the
Declaratory Act, reaffirming its
right to bind the colonies in all
cases whatsoever
The Townshend Tea Tax And The Boston Massacre
 Charles “Champagne Charlie”
Townsend emerges as PM
 In 1767 he persuades Parliament to
pass the Townshend Acts
 The Townshend Acts. They put a
light import tax on glass, white lead,
paper, paint, and tea.
 British officials, faced with a
breakdown of law and order,
landed 2 regiments of troops in the
colonies in 1768.
 1768 British officials landed 2
regiments of troops (700) in Boston
Boston Massacre
 On March 5, 1770, a crowd of 60 townspeople attacked
10 redcoats and the redcoats opened fired on the
civilians, killing/wounding 11 of them. The massacre
was known as the Boston Massacre.
The Seditious Committees Of Correspondence
 Townsend Acts were a failure
 In 1770 Townshend Acts repealed. But
the tax on tea remained
 Samuel Adams- master propagandist and
engineer of rebellion; formed the first
local committee of correspondence in
Massachusetts in 1772 (Sons of Liberty).
 Virginia created the first intercolonial
committee of correspondence, called the
House of Burgesses, in 1773.
Sam Adams
Boston Tea Party
 In 1773, the British East India Company
was overstocked with 17 million pounds
of unsold tea. If the company collapsed,
the London government would lose much
money. Therefore, the London
government gave the company a full
monopoly of the tea sell in America.
 None of the tea cargo of the Company
reached its destination.
 Annapolis — colonists burned cargo
and the ships.
 Charleston—Governor stores tea in a
warehouse. Is eventually sold during
the war to pay for uniforms.
Boston Tea Party
 Boston
 Fearing that it was trick to pay more taxes
on tea, the Americans rejected the
tea. When the ships arrived in the Boston
harbor, the governor of Massachusetts,
Thomas Hutchinson, forced the citizens to
allow the ships to unload their tea.
 On December 16, 1773, a band of
Bostonians, disguised as Indians, boarded
the ships and dumped the tea into the sea.
Parliament Passes the “Intolerable Acts”
 In 1774, Parliament punished the
people of Massachusetts for their
actions in the Boston Tea
Party. Parliament passed laws,
known as the Intolerable Acts,
which restricted colonists’ rights.
 The laws made restrictions on
town meetings, and stated that
enforcing officials who killed
colonists in the line of duty would
be sent to Britain for trial
 One such law was the Boston
Port Act. It closed the Boston
harbor until damages were paid
and order could be ensured.
Parliament Passes the “Intolerable Acts”
 The Quebec Act was also
passed in 1774, but was not
apart of the Intolerable Acts. It
gave Catholic French
Canadians religious freedom
and restored the French form
of civil law; this law nullified
many of the Western claims of
the coast colonies by extending
the boundaries of the province
of Quebec to the Ohio River on
the south and to the
Mississippi River on the west.
Quebec
Before
and After
1774
The Continental Congress And Bloodshed
 In 1774, the 1st Continental
Congress met in Philadelphia
in order to redress colonial
grievances over the Intolerable
Acts. The 13 colonies,
excluding Georgia, sent 55
men to the convention. (The
1st Continental Congress was
not a legislative body, rather a
consultative body, and
convention rather than a
congress.)
The Continental Congress And Bloodshed
 After 7 weeks of deliberation, the
1st Continental Congress drew up
several papers. The papers
included a Declaration of Rights
and solemn appeals to other
British-American colonies, to the
king, and to the British people.
 The creation of The Association
was the most important outcome of
the Congress. It called for a
complete boycott of British goods;
nonimportation, nonexportation,
and nonconsumption.
Lexington and Concord
John Hancock
Samuel Adams
 In April 1775, the British
commander Gage Boston sent a
detachment of troops to
Lexington.
 They were to seize provisions of
colonial gunpowder and to
capture the “rebel” ringleaders,
Samuel Adams and John
Hancock.
 At Lexington, 8 Americans were
shot and killed. This incident was
labeled as the “Lexington
Massacre.”
 When the British went on to
Concord, they were met with
American resistance
 On the retreat to Boston –Brits
have over 300 casualties and 70
deaths. The British had a war,
rather than a rebellion on their
hands
Lexington
shot heard 'round the world
British Strengths and Weaknesses
 + The population of Britain
was almost 3 times as large
 + Britain also had a much
greater economic wealth
 + Naval power.
 + Veteran Army
 + Manufactured goods
 + Indians and slaves
 + Support at home
 - Rebellion in Ireland
 - France, bitter from its recent
defeat
 - Britain’s army in America
had to operate under
numerous difficulties;
provisions were short.
American Pluses and Minuses
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+ Home ground
+ Water bucket theory
+ Not lose
+ Marquis de Lafayette- French
who was made a major general in
the colonial army
- The Articles of Confederation
was adopted in 1781. It was the
first written constitution adopted
by colonists.
- Supplies, arms
- Continental Congress was
forced to print “Continental”
paper money.
- Tories
- Slaves
- Indians
A THIN LINE OF HEROES
 At Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, winter
of 1777-1778.
 Baron von Steuben- German who
helped to whip the America fighters
into shape for fighting the British.
 5000 African Americans from every
state except Georgia and South
Carolina served in the Revolutionary
army
African Americans Choose the British
 Lord Dunmore- royal (British) governor
of Virginia. In 1775, he issued a
proclamation promising freedom for
any enslaved black in Virginia who
joined the British army.
 The British actively recruited slaves
belonging to Patriot masters and,
consequently, more blacks fought for
the Crown.
 An estimated 100,000 African Americans
escaped, died or were killed during the
American Revolution.
 Approximately 20,000 were with the
British at the end of the war, taken to
Canada or the Caribbean.
 Some became the founders of the British
colony of Sierra Leone in West Africa.
Chapter Seven
The Road to Revolution, 1763-1775
Kennedy, The American Pageant
Chapter 7
 The “radical Whig” idea, highly popular with colonial
Americans, especially warned against
 1. the evils of an hereditary titled nobility.
 2. trade and manufacturing as the sources of moral
and social corruption.
 3. the corruption of society caused by patronage and
bribery of the king’s ministers.
 4. the potential of slavery to undermine principles of
liberty and equality.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant
Chapter 7
 The “radical Whig” idea, highly popular with colonial
Americans, especially warned against
 3. the corruption of society caused by patronage and
bribery of the king’s ministers.
 Hint: See page 123.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant
Chapter 7
 Under the theory of mercantilism, the British colonies
were essentially expected to
 1. buy only British goods and sell all their own goods
only to Britain and nowhere else.
 2. furnish raw materials to the mother country and
buy British manufactured goods.
 3. provide troops for their own defense and pay taxes
to support the common welfare of the Empire.
 4. grant British investors fifty percent of the
ownership of any colonial commercial or
manufacturing enterprise.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant
Chapter 7
 Under the theory of mercantilism, the British colonies
were essentially expected to
 2. furnish raw materials to the mother country and
buy British manufactured goods.
 Hint: See page 123.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant
Chapter 7
 The Sugar Act, the Quartering Act, and the Stamp Act
were all fundamentally designed to
 1. teach the Americans that they were subjects and
not equal citizens of the British Empire.
 2. force colonial Americans to pay for the costs of the
Seven Years’ War and the continuing cost of their
defense.
 3. assert the principle that Parliament had the right to
tax as well as legislate for the colonies.
 4. generate revenues for subsidies to British
merchants trading with all parts of the Empire.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant
Chapter 7
 The Sugar Act, the Quartering Act, and the Stamp Act
were all fundamentally designed to
 2. force colonial Americans to pay for the costs of the
Seven Years’ War and the continuing cost of their
defense.
 Hint: See pages 125–126.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant
Chapter 7
 The most effective colonial protest that forced repeal of
the Stamp Act was
 1. the Stamp Act Congress.
 2. the creation of the Committees of Correspondence.
 3. the violent colonial assaults on British Redcoats.
 4. the complete colonial boycott of British goods.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant
Chapter 7
 The most effective colonial protest that forced repeal of
the Stamp Act was
 4. the complete colonial boycott of British goods.
 Hint: See pages 127–128.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant
Chapter 7
 The single most crucial event leading up to the American
Revolution was
 1. the convening of the Stamp Act Congress in 1765.
 2. the Boston Tea Party of 1773.
 3. the Boston Massacre of 1770.
 4. the establishment of an official Committee of
Correspondence by the Virginia legislature in 1773.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant
Chapter 7
 The single most crucial event leading up to the American
Revolution was
 2. the Boston Tea Party of 1774.
 Hint: See page 132.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant
Chapter 7
 Americans especially resented the granting of a
monopoly on tea sales to the British East India
Company because
 1. Americans believed deeply in the principles of
free economic competition.
 2. its ability to sell tea at a lower cost would tempt
Americans to violate their anti-taxation principles.
 3. the corrupt Massachusetts Governor Thomas
Hutchinson had secretly organized the entire
affair.
 4. selling the subsidized tea would ruin the
possibility of developing an American tea
industry.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant
Chapter 7
 Americans especially resented the granting of a
monopoly on tea sales to the British East India Company
because
 2. its ability to sell tea at a lower cost would tempt
Americans to violate their anti-taxation principles.
 Hint: See page 131.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant
Chapter 7
 Which of the following was not part of the “Intolerable
Acts” passed to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea
Party?
 1. closing the Port of Boston until the tea was paid for
 2. suspending chartered rights like town meetings
and jury trials
 3. abolishing the Massachusetts colonial militia
 4. granting British authorities the right to lodge
British soldiers in private homes
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Kennedy, The American Pageant
Chapter 7
 Which of the following was not part of the “Intolerable
Acts” passed to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea
Party?
 3. abolishing the Massachusetts colonial militia
 Hint: See page 133.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant
Chapter 7
 In the First Continental Congress of 1774, John Adams
took the lead in arguing
 1. against a proposal for American home rule under
British authority.
 2. for an immediate declaration of independence as
soon as an army could be raised.
 3. in favor of gaining American representation in the
British Parliament.
 4. in favor of establishing the Continental Congress as
a permanent body to defend American rights and
liberties.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant
Chapter 7
 In the First Continental Congress of 1774, John Adams
took the lead in arguing
 1. against a proposal for American home rule under
British authority.
 Hint: See page 134.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant
Chapter 7
 The British troops who marched to Lexington and
Concord in April 1775 were aiming to
 1. punish those towns for their part in the Boston Tea
Party.
 2. seize colonial militia gunpowder and capture
Samuel Adams and John Hancock.
 3. attack and defeat the assembled Massachusetts
militia.
 4. force all Massachusetts citizens to lodge British
soldiers in their homes.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant
Chapter 7
 The British troops who marched to Lexington and
Concord in April 1775 were aiming to
 2. seize colonial militia gunpowder and capture
Samuel Adams and John Hancock.
 Hint: See page 134.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant
Chapter 7
 The primary advantage that the British enjoyed at the
outset of the American Revolution was
 1. a strong and effective political leadership.
 2. a British nation united behind the principle of
forcing the Americans to support the Empire with
their taxes.
 3. a military strategy designed to prevent the
Americans from holding the countryside.
 4. a large, professionally trained army and navy.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant
Chapter 7
 The primary advantage that the British enjoyed at the
outset of the American Revolution was
 4. a large, professionally trained army and navy.
 Hint: See page 135.
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