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CHAPTER 15
State building and the search for order
What economic, social, and political crises
did Europe experience in the 17th century?

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Inflation fueled prosperity slowed
Population increased from 60 million in 1500 to 85
million in 1600
 Began
to decline in 1650
 Dutch, French, English saw only rise in population
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War, famine, plague
Little Ice Age- average temperatures fell, harvests
failed, famines ensued
SOCIAL TENSIONS!
Witchcraft
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Trials held all over
Came to be viewed as sinister and
dangerous
Trails and executions occurred in 16th and
17th
Take notes during
 100,000 prosecuted
film to answer
 Torture led to confessions
FRQ Question:
New wealth led to disintegration of
“Analyze two
“community” and the wealthy feared the
factors that led to
growing numbers of poor
the rise of
Sexism, gender roles, sexual taboos led to
witchcraft trials
women being accused
and persecution”
Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
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Militant Catholicism and Militant Calvinism to blame
Peace of Augsburg of 1555 brought German
religious wars to an end, but not religious tensions
 Frederick
IV created the “Protestant Union”
 Duke Maximilian created the “Catholic League”

Holy Roman Empire’s desire to consolidate authority
was resisted by German princes
 HRE
turned to Spain for help (Hapsburg family)
 Princes turned to France (Hapsburg enemies)
Franco Swedish Phase (1635-1648)

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Swedes wished to continue
French entered the war under
the direction of Cardinal
Richelieu (Louis XIII’s advisor)
Religious issues losing their
significance

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Catholic French supporting
Protestant Swedes and Princes
Battle of Rocroi (1643)French beat Spanish
Brought end to Spanish military
greatness
 French moved through southern
Germany

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

Ended war in Germany
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France and Spain continued until the
Peace of Pyrenees (1659)
Westphalia ensured all German
states were free to determine own
religion
France gained parts of western
Germany and Alsace
Hapsburgs lost authority
300 HRE states recognized as
independent
Religion and politics were separate
Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
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Ruined German economy
German population 21 16 million
Most destructive European war yet
Collins Type II
 How
did the Thirty Years War begin as a religious war
and transition to a political conflict?
Talk show introduction
Frederick V
 LOUIS XIV
 King Christian IV  Philip III
 Ferdinand II
 Philip IV
 Gustavus
 Frederick
Adolphus
William the
Great Elector
 Louis XIII
 Frederick I
 LOUIS XIV
 Ivan IV
 Cardinal
 Peter I
Richelieu
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James I

Charles I
OLIVER
CROMWELL
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Charles II
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JAMES II
Mary
William of
Orange
Military changes

Military power was essential to ruler’s reputation and
power
 Pressure
to build effective military machine
 Medieval knights and archers  battalions with firearms &
bayonets
 Conscription led to military schools
 Linear formations offered better flexibility & mobility
 Firearms replaced pikes, warships carried cannons

Higher taxes paid for changes!
Royal Theories
A ruler with COMPLETE control
 Make
laws, taxes, administer justice, control
administration, determine foreign policy
God hand-picks those who
rule and therefore Monarchs should have complete
control – because they are God’s choice
 Bishop
Jacques Bossuet -
French Monarchy

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Henry IV (Navarre) dies and son
takes throne
Louis XIII (1610-1643)
 Young, weak leader
 Cardinal Richelieu takes
control
 Chief minister and most
trusted adviser
 Determined to strengthen
monarchy
To strengthen Monarchy Richelieu…
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Created a network of spies
Sent out
to execute orders of central
government
Increase taille – annual direct tax – in 1643
Cut off Port city of La Rochelle, to take control from
Huguenots
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14 months, until starving citizens surrendered
Ordered walls to be torn down
Turn all churches Catholic
Punished Nobles for Revolts
Biggest Move: Sided with Protestants in 30 Years war to
undermine Hapsburg power
La Rochelle’s defeat was a signal to all
Protestants to GET OUT of France!
FRANCE

Louis XIII died, Cardinal Mazarin dominated
government
(1648-1649) – nobles and
of Paris
(important court) revolted in reaction to taxes to pay for 30
Year War
 Parlement of Paris regained power, people looked to King
to restore stability

LOUIS XIV (1643-1715)
 “I
am the State” (didn’t need a Cardinal’s help)
 “Sun King”- source of light for his people
 Tried to be absolute, but towns and provinces had much
control
How did Louis XIV create absolute power?
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Removed Nobles and princes from
royal council and invited them to:
Versailles –Louis’ palace and center of
government
Influenced dress, dining and gambling
to bankrupt nobles
“one king, one law, one faith”
:
 Revokes Edict of Nantes, outlaws
Protestantism, destruction of churches
 200,000 Huguenots flee
Louis XIV creates Financial Issues
Building of Versailles and other palaces
 Maintaining court
 Pursuing wars

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Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683)
Controller general of finances
 Adhered to

Improved quality of French manufacturing to increase exports
 Built roads and canals to better transportation for internal goods
 Raised tariffs on foreign manufactured goods

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Louis XIV spent the saved money faster than Colbert could
make it

Taxes fell to the peasants to pay
Louis’ Wars

Louis XIV developed a
professional army
 War

an incessant activity
Waged four wars 1667-1713
 1667:
invaded Spanish
Netherlands
 Lost
to Dutch, English, Swedes
 1672:
Dutch War: invaded
United Provinces
 Brandenburg,
war
Spain, HRE ended
Louis’ Wars
 1689:
 Annexation
of Alsace and Lorraine,
city of Strasbourg led to:
 League of Augsburg – Spain, HRE,
United Provinces, Sweden, England
united against Louis
 Treaty of Ryswick- made Louis
give up most conquests
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1701
Spanish King, Charles II, died, left throne to Louis XIV’s
grandson
 Other monarchs didn’t want this Bourbon connection
between the two countries, feared they would unite
 England, Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire fought France
 Fought in North America too

:
Louis’s Grandson gets throne, but France and Spain can’t be
ruled by same monarchs
 England got Newfoundland, Hudson Bay Territory, Nova
Scotia; emerged as great naval power
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Mini DBQ
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“Kingly Advice” pg. 453
Engraving “Palace of Versailles” pg. 454
Picture “Interior of Versailles” pg. 455
“Travels with the King” pg 456
Map: “The Wars of Louis XIV” pg 457
Family Tree: “Bourbon Dynast” pg 458
Successes and Failures of Absolutism
Maintaining balance of power
Using Mercantilism to fund Militaries
Struggles between parliaments vs. monarchs
How did Spain go from the most
populous empire in the world to ruin?

Treasury was empty: Philip II went bankrupt in 1596
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Government was inefficient
Armed forces out of date
Philip III (1598-1621)
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Wars, excesses of court
Weaknesses became apparent
Philip IV (1621-1665)
Put country in hands of Gaspar de Guzman, count of
Olivares
 30 Years War caused revolts and civil war
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Dutch Independence declared in Peace of Westphalia
German States
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Treaty of Westphalia left each HRE state autonomous
Brandenburg-Prussia, led by the Hohenzollerns
 Three
disconnected masses
 Brandenburg
 Frederick
in Western Germany, West Prussia, East Prussia
William the Great Elector (1640-1688)
 Came
to power during 30 years war
 Built up army and levied taxes to support it
 Reinforced serfdom to gain support from nobles
 Followed mercantilism: construct roads, canals, high tariffs
 Frederick
Prussia
III (1688-1713) became Frederick I, King of
Austria

After the 30 Years War the Austrian Hapsburgs gave
up trying to create a German empire and instead
looked east

Beat the Ottomans in 1687

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Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, Slovenia
After the War of Spanish Succession Austria gained Spanish
Netherlands
Milan Mantua, Sardinia, Naples in Italy
 Italy went from Spanish rule to Austrian rule

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Never became absolutist because of many national
groups- collection of unions
Russia

Ivan IV (1533-1584)
 Took
title “
” (Caesar)
 Expanded territories east
 Reduced
, nobility’s, power
Ivan IV  TERRIBLE!

Ivan the Terrible
 1560s:
Ivan changes
 Became
suspicious of his closest advisors
 Created a private police force to
punish opposition
 1565: seized land from 12,000
 Killed
thousands in Novgorod,
suspected they wanted to separate
from Russia
 1581: killed his own son
Russia
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“Time of Troubles” many rulers because of lack of
heir
1613: Michael Romanov crowned czar
Russia

Russia dominated by
landed aristocrats
 Abundance
of land,
shortage of peasants
made serfdom ideal for
nobles
 Bound peasants to the
land
 Merchants not allowed
to move from cities
RUSSIA

Peter I
 1682:
became czar as child, sister
ruled until he was 17
 6’9, coarse and crude
 1697-1698: traveled west in
disguise
 Realized
Russia was backward
 Introduced reforms and Western
ideals
 Labored
side-by-side with
thousands of carpenters building
a navy
Peter the Great’s Reforms

Reorganized the government
1711: creates Senate to supervise
administration while he is away on military
campaigns
 Creates boards of administrations for
specific functions
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Foreign affairs, war, justice
Divided Russia into fifty provinces
 1722: Table of Ranks- creates opportunities
for non-nobles to serve and join nobility
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Nobility based on merit?!
Tried to adopt mercantilism but large
military required raising taxes
Peter the Great’s Reforms

Peter’s main goal at Westernization
was to make Russia a military power
 “window
to the West” – port easily
accessible to West
 Baltic Sea only option – controlled by
Charles XII
Sweden

Great Northern War (1701-1721)
 Peace
of Nystadt- Russia acquired
Estonia, Livonia, Karelia, Sweden
became second rate power
 Peter built St. Petersburg on Baltic
Ottoman Empire

After taking much of southeast Europe in the 16th century,
Ottomans were treated as another European power in the
17th century

Highly effective government
Led by sultans or viziers (Prime Ministers)
 Constantinople was splendid with thriving population

Periodically degenerated into bloody intrigues
 Well-organized military

– Christian boys kidnapped, converted, killing machines
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Sleeping Giant
tried to take back Austria but pushed back by European
coalition
 Never again a threat to Europe
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Golden Age of Dutch Republic
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United Provinces of Netherlands became core of
modern Dutch state in 1581
Officially recognized in Treaty of Westphalia in 1648
 Wealthy thanks to Atlantic trade
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With independence came internal dissension
Each province had a
(official) responsible for
leading an army and attending States General
 States General-weakened during wars with France &
England
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17th Century wars saw economic decline for Dutch
How did Dutch spend new wealth?

Amsterdam made money from fishing and transporting
other countries’ goods
draft ship of large capacity

Amsterdam became commercial capital of Europe
Built canals
 Tall, narrow fronted houses along canals
 Became crossroads
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Manufacturers, shipyard owners, merchants became top
society

Wealthy burghers began to shed Calvinist ways by end of
17th century
ENGLAND

Elizabeth died with no heir
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Mary Queen of Scots (Elizabeth’s cousin)
was put to death for trying to overthrow
Elizabeth
Her son was King of Scotland
James I (1603-1625)
 First Stuart to rule
 Believed firmly in DIVINE RIGHT
and ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
 Trouble with Parliament
 Country in debt, viewed as
“outsider” from Scotland
James I

Parliament was used to ruling with
a “balanced polity”

refused to give money to James
: strict Calvinists
demanding further reform from
Church of England, take power
away from Church officials
 James
I sees Puritans as threat
 Refuses most requests of reforms
: wealthy landowners,
also Puritans and large part of
House of Commons
ENGLAND
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Charles I (1625-1649)
 Popular
until marrying a Catholic
Princess, Louis XIII’s sister, Henrietta
 Requested money from Parliament
 Parliament refuses unless Charles I
signs:
: placed limits on
king’s power
 King can not levy taxes without
consent of Parliament
 Direct Challenge to Absolutism
Charles I
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At first he acquiesced
Taxed without permission
Dismisses Parliament when they
become outraged
1629-1640: Charles ruled
without Parliament
 Gentry
opposed attempts to
raise taxes without parliament
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Added MORE ritual to church
ceremonies- angering puritans
ENGLAND
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1640: Charles I in debt thanks to
rebellions in Scotland
 Has to reconvene Parliament to
ask for money
Long Parliament – didn’t disband for
20 years
 Limitation on royal authority
 Triennial Act- Parliament must
meet at least once every three
years
ENGLAND
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Puritans moved to abolish the appointment of bishops
in Anglican Church
Charles I led troops into House of Commons to arrest
Puritan leaders for Treason
 Already
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escaped
Charles’ intentions shown: to take back power
Parliament rises up against king
Charles I supported by people
1642: Civil War began!
English Civil War (1642-1646)
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ROYALISTS: nobles who
supported king
ROUNDHEADS: supporters of
Parliament
 Puritans
(New Model Army)
 Merchants, some upper classes
 Led by: OLIVER CROMWELL
ENGLAND

Royalist Army outmatched
 1646,
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
surrender
Phase Two begins when
Charles flees
Oliver Cromwell dismisses
all Parliament members
who disagree with him
 “Rump
Parliament”
ENGLAND
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Rump Parliament tries Charles I
for treason
Charles refuses to recognize
Parliament’s authority
1649: Found guilty, Executed in
front of own palace
Lord Protector Cromwell (1649-1653)

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House of Commons outlaws House
of Lords and Monarchy
England becomes a
Commonwealth
Cromwell: “Lord Protector of
England, Scotland, Ireland”
 Demanded
complete obedience
demanded freedom of
speech, religious toleration,
democratic republic
ENGLAND

RESTORATION
 Cromwell
dies, son weak leader
 Parliament reconvenes and vote to
bring back monarchy
 1660: Parliament invites Charles’ son
to be king
Restoration & Charles II
 Charles
II (1660-1685)
 Supported
religious
toleration
 Habeas
Corpus Act of
1679
 “may
you have body”
 Guarantees
right to
appear in court to
see if accused should
be held or released
Charles being presented the first pineapple
grown in England
Columbian Exchange!
ENGLAND

JAMES II
 Charles
II brother
 Had two protestant daughters, Mary
and Anne
 1688: James and second wife gave
birth to a Catholic son!
 GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
 1688:
Nobles invited James’ daughter
Mary and her husband William of
Orange to become King & Queen
Glorious Revolution
William and Mary
Had to sign:
: prevents
monarchs from
levying taxes without
Parliament’s consent
Creating a:
monarchy limited by
law
Response to Revolution
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

Alarmed by revolutionary
upheavals
(1651)

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people are guided by
animalistic interests
Government’s role is to be
a Leviathan- large sea
monster- an absolute,
sovereign authority needed
to suppress evil
John Locke (1632-1794)

Argued against absolute
rule

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
Humans have inalienable
rights- life, liberty, property
Government is meant to
protect rights
If government doesn’t live up
to obligations the People have
the right o rebel
Who are the successes/failures of 17th
century – why?
Who would
you take in a
fantasynation
league?
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France
Spain
Holy Roman Empire
German States
Austria
Russia
Sweden
Poland
Ottoman Empire
Dutch Republic
England
Collins Type II


How did relationships with Parliament affect James
I, Charles I, James II, Charles II reigns?
How did the Glorious Revolution affect political
thinkers of the 17th century?
How did artistic and literary achievements of era
reflect economic developments of the period?

Renaissance came to an end with the Mannerist
movement
: attempts to break down High
Renaissance principles of balance, harmony,
moderation
 Distort
proportion
 Elongated figures convey suffering of the era
 El Greco (the Greek) – church painter in Spain in 1570s
 Shades of yellow and green against eerie backgrounds
reflect intense emotion
Mannerism was replaced with Baroque period
began in Italy last quarter of 16th century,
sought to bring classical ideals of Renaissance with
spiritual feelings of 16th religious revival
Dramatic effects to arouse emotions
 Search for power- richly decorated churches and palaces
 Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)
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Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)

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Bodies in violent motion, dramatic light and shadow
Saint Peter’s Basilica
Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-1653)

Judith Beheading Holofernes
Wealthy Dutch patricians and burghers commissioned
works for guilds, public and private buildings
: realistic portrayal of secular life,
reflects values of Dutch society
 Portraits
 Group
portraits of military companies, guilds
 Interiors of dwellings
 Judith Leyster (1609-1660)
 First
female in Guild of Saint Luke of Haarlem
 Rembrandt
 Master
van Rijn (1606-1669)
of portraits
Syndics religious
of the Cloth
Guild
Rembrandt also painted
works,
making
him the great Protestant artist of the 17th century
Night Watch of the Militia Company
Consider works from each movement
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
Think about ideals, goals, attributes of each
movement
How does each work reflect the movement it is in
How would you know it is Mannerist, Baroque, Dutch
if the labels weren’t there?