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Psychology 256
Introduction to Brain and Behavior
Dr. Hakan
What is the Brain?
• Billions of nerve cells
What is the Brain?
• Thousands of connections where one neuron
may interact (communicate) with other
neurons.
As many as 10,000 connections
40+ neurochemicals ( neurotransmitters)
Why Study the Brain?
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Sensation
Motion
Internal Regulation
Reproduction
Adaptation
EVERYTHING WE DO!
Overarching Principles of Brain function
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Hierarchically organized
Redundant control
Inhibition
Automaticity
• Conscious vs Unconscious processes
The Scientific Method
• Empiricism
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Objectivity
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Measurement and testing
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replication
Basic Organization of the Nervous
System
• Central Nervous system (CNS) and peripheral
nervous system (PNS)
– CNS- brain and spinal cord
PNS -peripheral nerves and the ANS
The autonomic division of the PNS
And somatosenses
The Organization of the Brain: An
Overview
• The Forebrain ( Telencephalon and Diencephalon)
• The Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
• The Hindbrain ( Metencephalon and Meyelencephalon)
The Forebrain
• Cerebral Cortex
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Cortical lobes
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Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal
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Basal Ganglia and Limbic system
• The diencephalon
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Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Cortical lobes
• Thin
• Wrinkled
• Sulci and Gyri
Cortical lobes
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal
Cortical Lobes
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Occipital- Vision
Temporal- hearing/ speech
Parietal- somatosensory
Frontal- speech, motor responses
and executive functions
The Telencephalon- Basal Ganglia and
Limbic system
• Basal Ganglia- includes the “neostriatum” and
substantia nigra
Highly ingrained behaviors
Limbic System
• Amygdala, hippocampus and other structures
Emotional impulses
Amygdala
The diencephalon
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Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Thalamus- sensory relay
Diencephalon
• Hypothalamus
The 4 F’s
The Midbrain
(mesencephalon)
• Superior and inferior colliculi
• Substantia Nigra
Midbrain
Superior colliculi- visual orienting reflex
Inferior colliculi- auditory orienting reflex
Substantia Nigra- initiation and switching of behaviors
The Hindbrain
• Cerebellum Medulla (metencephalon)
• Oblongata (myelencephalon)
Hindbrain
• Cerebellum- Motor coordination
• Medulla oblongata– regulation of vital functions
– Incoming ( afferent) and outgoing (efferent) fibers