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Anatomy & Physiology
SIXTH EDITION
Chapter 16, part 1
Neural Integration II:
The Autonomic Nervous System and
Higher Order Functions
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by
Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Frederic H. Martini
Fundamentals of
Learning Objectives
• Compare the organization of the autonomic
nervous system with the somatic nervous system.
• Describe the structures and functions of the
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the
ANS.
• Describe the mechanisms of neurotransmitter
release in the sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions.
• Describe the effects of sympathetic and
parasympathetic neurotransmitters on target
organs and tissues.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Learning Objectives
• Describe the hierarchy of interacting levels of
control in the ANS
• Explain how memories are created, stored and
recalled.
• Summarize the effects of aging on the nervous
system.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
SECTION 16-1
An Overview of the ANS
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ANS
• Coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory,
digestive, urinary and reproductive functions
• Preganglionic neurons in the CNS send axons to
synapse on ganglionic neurons in autonomic
ganglia outside the CNS
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Divisions of the ANS
• Sympathetic division (thoracolumbar, “fight or
flight”)
• Thoracic and lumbar segments
• Parasympathetic division (craniosacral, “rest and
repose”)
• Preganglionic fibers leaving the brain and
sacral segments
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
SECTION 16-2
The Sympathetic Division
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Sympathetic division anatomy
• Preganglionic neurons between segments
T1 and L2
• Ganglionic neurons in ganglia near
vertebral column
• Specialized neurons in adrenal glands
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 16.3 The Organization of the
Sympathetic Division of the ANS
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 16.3
Sympathetic ganglia
• Sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral
ganglia)
• Collateral ganglia (prevertebral ganglia)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 16.4 Sympathetic Pathways
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Figure 16.4a
Figure 16.4 Sympathetic Pathways
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Figure 16.4b
Figure 16.4 Sympathetic Pathways
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Figure 16.4c
Organization and anatomy of the sympathetic
division
• Segments T1-L2, ventral roots give rise to
myelinated white ramus
• Leads to sympathetic chain ganglia
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 16.5 The Distribution of Sympathetic
Innervation
PLAY
Animation: The sympathetic division
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 16.5
Postganglionic fibers
• Rejoin spinal nerves and reach their destination
by way of the dorsal and ventral rami
• Those targeting structures in the thoracic cavity
form sympathetic nerves
• Go directly to their destination
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Abdominopelvic viscera
• Sympathetic innervation via preganglionic fibers
that synapse within collateral ganglia
• Splanchic nerves
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Abdominopelvic viscera
• Celiac ganglion
• Innervates stomach, liver, gall bladder,
pancreas, spleen
• Superior mesenteric ganglion
• Innervates small intestine and initial portion of
large intestine
• Inferior mesenteric ganglion
• Innervates kidney, urinary bladder, sex organs,
and final portion of large intestine
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sympathetic activation
• In crises, the entire sympathetic division
responds
• Sympathetic activation
• Affects include increased alertness, energy and
euphoria, increased cardiovascular and
respiratory activities, elevation in muscle tone,
mobilization of energy resources
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Neurotransmitters and sympathetic function
• Stimulation of sympathetic division has two
distinct results
• Release of ACh or NE at specific locations
• Secretion of E and NE into general circulation
• Most postganglionic fibers are adrenergic, a few
are cholinergic or nitroxidergic
• Two types of receptors are alpha receptors and
beta receptors
• Sympathetic ganglionic neurons end in
telodendria studded with varicosities filled with
neurotransmitter
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 16.6 Sympathetic Variosities
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Figure 16.6