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Chapter 8 Central Nervous System © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning CNS Functions • Communication and coordination system in the body • Seat of intellect and reasoning © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning The Nerve Cell • • • • Called the neuron Nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane Dendrites Axons (only one per cell) – Neurilemma or myelin sheath © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Nervous Tissue/Cells • Neuroglia • Neurons – Sensory or afferent – Motor or efferent – Associative or interneurons • Membrane excitability © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Synapse • When messages go from one cell to the next cell • Synaptic cleft • Neurotransmitters © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Animation – Firing of Neurotransmitters Click Here to play Firing of Neurotransmitters animation © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Divisions of the Nervous System • Central nervous system – Brain – Spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system – 12 pairs of cranial nerves – 31 pairs of spinal nerves – Autonomic nervous system © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Effects of Aging • • • • Slowing nerve conduction Loss of brain size Slowing of reaction time Changes in sleep patterns © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning The Brain • • • • Weighs about 1400 grams or 3 pounds 100 billion neurons Meninges and cerebrospinal fluid Without oxygen, brain damage occurs within 4-8 minutes © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning The Brain • • • • Cerebrum Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning The Brain © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Memory • Storage of old and new information • Role of the hippocampus • Short or long term memory © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Coverings of the Brain • • • • Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Cerebrospinal fluid © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Ventricles of the Brain • Four lined cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid • 1st and 2nd – Right and left lateral ventricles • 3rd – Connected to the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramen © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Ventricles of the Brain • 4th – Connected to the 3rd by the cerebral aqueduct • Choroid plexus © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning CSF • Formed inside the four ventricles • Formation and flow of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) • Blood-brain barrier • Lumbar puncture © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Cerebrum • • • • • • Largest part of the brain Weighs about 2 pounds Cerebral cortex Two hemispheres and longitudinal fissure Fissures and sulci Gyri or convulutions © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Five Major Fissures • • • • • Longitudinal fissure Transverse fissure Central fissure Lateral fissure Parieto-occipital fissure © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Cerebral Functions • • • • • Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Limbic lobe or system © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Diencephalon • Located between the cerebrum and the midbrain • Thalamus • Hypothalamus © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Hypothalamus • • • • • Autonomic nervous control Cardiovascular control Temperature control Appetite control Water balance © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Hypothalamus • • • • • Manufacture of oxytocin Gastrointestinal control Emotional state Sleep control Mind-over-body experiences © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Cerebellum • Located behind the pons and below the cerebrum • Right and left cerebellar hemispheres connected by vermis • Communicates with the rest of the CNS by three pairs of tracts called peduncles © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Cerebellar Function • Maintenance of balance • Maintenance of muscle tone • Coordination of muscle movements © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Brain Stem • Midbrain • Pons • Medulla oblongata © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Spinal Cord • Begins at foramen magnum of the occipital bone • Ends at the second lumbar vertebrae • 31 pairs of spinal nerves • Protected by meninges and other tissues • White and gray matter • Functions © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders • • • • Meningitis Encephalitis Epilepsy Cerebral palsy © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders • • • • Poliomyelitis Hydrocephalus Parkinson’s disease Essential tremor © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders • • • • Multiple sclerosis West Nile virus Dementia Alzheimer’s disease © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders • Brain tumors • Hematoma • Spinal cord injuries – Quadriplegia – Paraplegia © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Headaches • Tension • Migraine • Cluster © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
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