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The NERVOUS SYSTEM __________________ & __________________ Nervous System CSI #8 – Function of the Nervous System You at a friend’s backyard party when her uncle starts to stumble, and complain of dizziness and tiredness. He is also having difficulty breathing. He mentions that he was spraying for insects in the front yard and may have breathed in too much spray. He sits and relaxes, but does not feel any better after 15 min. His blue complexion provides a good signal that you should take him to the hospital. On the way to the hospital, his muscles go from tense to limp. The emergencyroom physician finds out that your friend’s uncle had a busy day before the party. He was involved in cleaning algae out of the large pond behind the house before spraying the yard. He ate some old beef stew that was in the refrigerator, but claims it didn’t look or smell bad. Your friend is concerned about her uncle and asks you to explain what the physicians are looking for as the cause to her uncle’s illness. You explain that the physicians must use a process of elimination to determine what caused her uncle’s problems. CSI #9 – Structure of the Nervous System You just heard that a former professional football player living in your neighborhood was taken to the police station after a disturbance at a local grocery store. You find out that he was wandering around the store aimlessly and making aggressive comments as if he were drunk. A friend then calls to tell you that the football player was admitted to the hospital because he started having seizures. Later in the week, some neighbors tell you that the football player was showing signs of weakness and often acted confused during conversation. There were also some concerns mentioned about his excessive alcohol consumption and weight gain. Your friend asks you what might be wrong with the 50 year old former athlete. Determine the possible nervous system problems causing the illness. Central NS (CNS) Peripheral NS (PNS) ____________cord nervous tissue _______ stimulates _______, ________the brain & emotions, _________, spinal cord glands, and memories FUNCTIONS of the NERVOUS SYSTEM SENSORY function transmits impulses (________________) body ____________________ MOTOR function transmits impulses (_________________) brain/spinal cord __________ 2 TYPES OF CELLS within the NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. _________ “glue” that _____ neurons together glioma – most common type of ________________ Blood Brain Barrier –glia that _________ _________________ tissue for protection 2. Neurons (nerve cells) _______________________impulses Ex. sensory & motor neurons Nerve Structure (bundle of peripheral _______) (membrane that surrounds each ____________) (membrane that surrounds the entire ____________) ___________ (bundle of axons) (membrane that surrounds each ______) _______________ STRUCTURE of a NEURON (transmit impulses _____ the cell body) _____________ (contains nucleus) _________ (transmit impulses ________ from the cell body) __________________of nerve impulse (_____________ between ___________ cells) (white fatty substance that ____________ the axon) (cells that produce _________) (_______________ impulses) (_____________ impulses) Axons in the brain/spinal cord lack a (__________btwn neurons neurilemma so regeneration is are much less were impulses transmitted) than it is in the PNS. Conduction of Impulses _______________: a nerve ________ at a given point on an ____________(neuron) 1. ___________ Neuron (maintaining an excitable condition) 2. Impulse _____________ (cell has lost its resting potential) ___ (+) charge --------------___ (-) charge (-) charge --------------________(+) charge 3. Impulse 4. _________ _____________ (Refractory period) ___ (+) charge --------------___ (-)Charge ___ (+) charge -------------___ (-)Charge It takes 0.001 seconds to reset a neuron; can carry 1000 impulses/sec. http://www.mind.ilstu.edu/curriculum/neurons_intro/flash_chemical.php?modGUI=232&compGUI=1827&itemGUI =3159 Action Potential Animation: http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/actionpotential.swf http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/actionp.html a. conduction along ______________ fibers b. conduction along _____________ fibers Myelin and Multiple Sclerosis ________________disorder that destroys _____ (demyelination) & leads to impaired nerve conduction called __________________(MS) most common in women btwn 20 – 40 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgySDmRRzxY Neuron Physiology __________________ chemicals by which neurons communicate can assist, stimulate, or inhibit communication Acetylcholine, Dopamine, and Serotonin = play a role in motor function, sleep, mood, and pleasure Endorphins and Enkephalins = _____conduction of pain impulses (natural pain killers)http://www.wnet.org/closetohome/animation/coca-anim-main.html Neurotransmitters: Have 2 different effects… 1) _______________: a stimulus that encourages an A.P. 2) ______________: a stimulus that discourages an A.P. 4-stage process when communicating with neurotransmitters: 1. __________________________of neurotransmitters (made in nerve cell body & stored in vesicles) 2. Neurotransmitter _______________ (influx of Ca during A.P. causes neurotransmitter release) 3. Neurotransmitter ________ to post-synaptic receptors 4. _______________________of neurotransmitters (cell inactivates neurotransmitters by degrading them in synapse or re-uptake them for recycling.) presynaptic neuron Neurotransmitters: http://www.bishopstopford.com/faculties/scien ce/arthur/synapse.swf http://www.mind.ilstu.edu/curriculum/neurons _intro/flash_chemical.php?modGUI=232&com pGUI=1827&itemGUI=3159 postsynaptic neuron Major Neurotransmitters in the Body Neurotransmitter Role in the Body - used to control muscles and by many neurons in the brain to regulate memory. ____________ - In most instances, acetylcholine is excitatory but can be ___ inhibitory Dopamine - Main focus neurotransmitter (no daydreaming) (___________________) - produces feelings of pleasure when released by the brain reward system (_________________) ____________ - acts like a brake to excitatory neurotransmitters that lead to anxiety (major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain) (gammaaminobutyric acid) ____________ - neurotransmitter /hormone; part of the flight-or-flight response and normal brain processes (________________) ___ Drugs Interfere with Neurotransmission Change in Effect on Neurotransmitter Drug that acts release or availability this way Neurotransmission ____________ the # of impulses increased neurotransmitter release ____________, alcohol, opiates release neurotransmitter from vesicles with or without impulses __________________ neurotransmitter release Amphetamines (Adderall, ______, ecstasy) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tqwo9dm _________________ more neurotransmitter present in synaptic cleft _____________ Effects of Alcohol on the Brain http://www.thirteen.org/closetohome/animation/gaba-anim2-main.html alcohol http://www.thirteen.org/closetohome/animation/coca-anim2-main.html coccaine Spatial Summation Are your fingers moving? Are both your pant legs touching your knees? Clear your Minds Is your pinky toe touching the ground? Are you wearing underwear? Information is being sent to your brain ALL the time - but is shut off by inhibitory impulses. Spatial Summnation_________________– the minimal stimulus required to evoke a response All or None Response B - 50 imp C -10 imp D + 30 imp A +50 imp Excitatory cell body E + 30 imp A by itself = __ transmission A+D = ________________ A + B + D = __ transmission Threshold = 80 impulses / sec _________________ are released by neurons in brain learn something new – synapse ________ to inhibit pain/fear; reason we can calm ourselves forget something – synapse down? Concept Check #1 1. How do the Central NS & Peripheral NS differ? 2. How do the sensory and motor neuron function in the NS differ? 3. We know that the Blood Brain Barrier separates blood and nervous tissue, but why is this important? 4. Draw and label the structure of a neuron. Include the dendrites, cell body, axon, nodes of ranvier and schwann cells. Concept Check #2 5. What is believed to be the cause of myelin destruction in the auto-immune disease multiple sclerosis? 6. How do pre & post synaptic neurons differ? 7. Explain the direction in which nerve impulses travel? (use the terms axon, dendrite, pre & post synaptic neurons) 8. What is a nerve? What are the 3 layers of a nerve and how do they differ? Concept Check #3 9. What are neurotransmitters and how do they function? 11. What is an action potential? Finish the diagram below. ++++ -+++ ---- +--- 13. Explain how your brain can receive tons of information but you only reacte or realize some of them? (be sure to use threshold stimulus and inhibitory impulses in your answer) The HUMAN BRAIN http://media.jeffersonhospital.org/videos/animation-meningitis?page=9&quicktabs_1=0 The _______________ controls your _______ (heartbeat, respiration, b.v. diameter) consists of ___________________________ Cerebellum ________________part of the human brain responsible for ________________ movements, equilibrium, normal posture The _______________ (hypothalamus / thalamus) Hypothalamus controls all ____________ Thalamus regulates ___________ heartbeat, temp., peristalsis, appetite, sexual arousal; vol. of urine &H2O The ____________________ largest and ______________ part of the brain controls ______________ thinking, memory, sensations, and emotions 4 Major Lobes of the Human Brain http://www.physpharm.fmd.uwo.ca/undergrad/sensesweb/L12Memory/L12Memory.swf Parts of the Cerebrum _________________: (surface of cerebrum) (_________ of cortex) (___________ of cortex) lateral fissure: deepest _______ of the brain that separates the brain into ____ ______________ Corpus • ______________ the _________ hemispheres at the _____ point Left Brain vs. Right Brain http://viewzone2.com/bicamx.html LEFT BRAIN FUNCTIONS RIGHT BRAIN FUNCTIONS uses logic detail oriented facts rule words and language present and past math and science can comprehend knowing acknowledges order/pattern perception knows object name reality based forms strategies practical safe uses feeling "big picture" oriented imagination rules symbols and images present and future philosophy & religion can "get it" (i.e. meaning) believes appreciates spatial perception knows object function fantasy based presents possibilities impetuous risk taking Left vs. Right Hemisphere Damage (language processing) _______ Hemisphere language processing speech production comprehension (analyzing spoken language; comprehension) ________ disorder – loss of ability to speak; caused by stroke / injury or tumor / infection _______ Hemisphere memory organization problem solving reasoning http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/wac ky/the-right-brain-vs-left-brain/storye6frev20-1111114577583 Split Brain Experiments Mr. Split Brainy http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/split-brain/S 1. http://brain.webus.com/brain/right_left_brain_characteristics.htm 2. http://brain.w-us.com/brain/braindominance.htm 3. http://www.angelfire.com/wi/2brains/test.html Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) • causes ___________ (rush of blood) or ________ (blood stops flowing through cerebral blood vessels) • victim can’t voluntarily move parts of the body on the side __________ to the side on which the accident occurred. 12 PAIRS of CRANIAL NERVES Concept Check #4 13. What is the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord? What 3 layers make this covering up? 14. What is the brainstem responsible for and what are its 3 parts? 15. What is the 2nd largest part of the brain and what is it responsible for? 16. What is the largest part of the brain and what are each of its lobes responsible for? Concept Check #5 17. The ___________ separates the 2 hemispheres but they connect at the ___________________. 18. How do hemorrhages and strokes differ? 19. What do each of the following cranial nerves control: Optic? Olfactory? Glossopharyngeal? Vestibulocochlear?? Nervous System CSI #8 Questions…. 1. Pesticides can affect the nervous system. A) Explain how. B) What symptoms did the uncle have that could indicate pesticides as the cause for his hospitalization). 2. Food-poisoning can affect the nervous system. A) Explain how. B) What symptoms did the uncle have that could indicate Botulism as the cause for his hospitalization). 3. Handling blue-algae can affect the nervous system. A) Explain how. B) What symptoms did the uncle have that could indicate bluealgae as the cause for his hospitalization). Nervous System CSI #9 Questions…. 1. List the problems this former football player was experiencing. 2. While he could be confused with having prion-related disorders or Alzheimer’s disease because of his symptoms, he is actually suffering from something else. What neurovascular condition is he suffering from? Explain what this condition is. 3. What causes this condition? And, what was the football player doing to aggravate his condition? 4. What can be done, if anything, to cure or reverse this condition?